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The Impact of Microcycles on Batteries in Different Applications

机译：微循环对不同应用中电池的影响

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In most applications batteries are subjected to a complex current profile which is determined by therncharging unit and the loads. Microcycles are here defined as rapid changes of the battery currentrndirection between charging and discharging. Such microcycles are common in battery applicationsrnwhen both charging and supply occur over the same interval, or when reactive power is suppliedrnthrough an inverter. That is the case in many different applications, from autonomous wind and/orrnsolar systems to vehicles with generators and electric vehicles with feed back of braking power. Therneffect is particularly strong in systems incorporating loads with varying power such as single phasernAC loads or loads with simple on/off control algorithms. Microcycle current oscillations or pulses arernusually in the frequency range of about 0.05 to a few hundred Hertz. The impact on different types ofrnbatteries caused by this has not yet been thoroughly investigated.rnTo investigate the impact of microcycles it was first necessary to build a test unit. The test equipmentrnhad to fulfil as a main requirement the generation of rectangular pulses for charging and discharging,rnfrequencies in the range from 0.01 to 15.000 Hz and currents from 2 to 200A. In addition a specialrnmode called “zero Ah control” was produced.rnThe results of laboratory tests on flooded lead acid batteries show that batteries lose capacity andrnrequire longer time and more power for charging if they have been subjected to microcycles. Theserneffects were reversible in our laboratory environment but are expected not to be reversible in fieldrnenvironments, in particular with autonomous PV or electric vehicle systems.rnModels to explain these results are still under investigation. However, it is clear that the unequalrncurrent distribution in the electrodes caused by the ohmic resistance of the electrodes and the polarisationrnof the electrochemical reaction play a major role. Therefore the observed effects are probably notrnlimited to lead acid batteries.rnConcluding the work so far there is a need to take a much closer look at the fluctuation of batteryrncurrent for future designs of electrical systems which use a battery as power source or sink.
机译：在大多数应用中，电池要经受复杂的电流曲线，这由充电单元和负载决定。在此，微循环被定义为在充电和放电之间电池电流方向的快速变化。当在相同的时间间隔内进行充电和供电时，或者通过逆变器提供无功功率时，这种微循环在电池应用中很常见。从自动风力和/或太阳能系统到带有发电机的车辆和带有制动功率反馈的电动汽车，在许多不同的应用中都是如此。在包含功率变化的负载（例如单相AC负载或具有简单的开/关控制算法的负载）的系统中，热效应特别强。微周期电流振荡或脉冲通常在约0.05至几百赫兹的频率范围内。尚未彻底调查由此造成的对不同类型电池的影响。要研究微循环的影响，首先必须建立一个测试单元。测试设备必须满足产生矩形充电和放电的主要要求，频率范围为0.01到15.000 Hz，电流为2到200A。此外，还产生了一种特殊的模式，称为“零Ah控制”。对充满铅酸的电池进行的实验室测试结果表明，如果电池经历微循环，它们会失去容量，需要更长的时间和更多的充电功率。这些影响在我们的实验室环境中是可逆的，但在野外环境中尤其是在自动光伏或电动汽车系统中预计是不可逆的。解释这些结果的模型仍在研究中。然而，很明显，由电极的欧姆电阻和电化学反应的极化引起的电极中的不等电流分布起主要作用。因此，观察到的影响可能不仅仅限于铅酸电池。总结目前的工作，对于将来使用电池作为电源或接收器的电气系统设计，有必要仔细研究电池电流的波动。

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