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How does current flow in the ground?

机译：电流如何在地下流动？

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摘要

One of the most exotic concepts in the field of earthing is the ability of the earth to conduct electricity. Its sheer size means that the impedances produced by the passage of current through the soil are very low. Large earthing systems in low soil resistivity areas can produce very small earthing system impedances. What is not as well appreciated is that an overhead conductor using an earth return path to complete a circuit, such as is the case during a phase to earth fault, incurs an additional impedance due to the passage of current through the earth. This paper explores the analogous condition of current flow in a homogeneous conductor and the distribution of current within that conductor due to the impact of skin effect. The earth fault current distribution is constrained by the magnetic forces produced by the current in the earth and the excitation current, being the insulated earth fault current carrying conductor, located either above the ground or within the earth. The earth fault currents distribute in a manner unexpected by many, but with direct impact on transmission line easements and the manner in which transmission impedances are calculated.
机译：接地领域中最奇特的概念之一是地球的导电能力。它的绝对大小意味着电流通过土壤产生的阻抗非常低。低土壤电阻率区域中的大型接地系统会产生很小的接地系统阻抗。还没有意识到的是，使用接地回路以完成电路的架空导体，例如在相间接地故障期间的情况，由于电流通过接地而引起额外的阻抗。本文探讨了均质导体中电流的相似条件以及由于趋肤效应的影响而在该导体中的电流分布。接地故障电流分布受到接地电流和励磁电流的限制，励磁电流是绝缘的接地故障电流承载导体，位于地面上方或内部。接地故障电流以许多人无法预料的方式分布，但直接影响到传输线的安逸性和传输阻抗的计算方式。

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