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Towards a better understanding of rumen microbiome and animal performance

机译：更好地了解瘤胃微生物组和动物表现

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Dairy cattle depend on the microbiological processes within the rumen to deriv e assimilatable nutrients for maintenance and production of milk precursors that are used by the host to produce milk.Therefore,optimization of the microbiological processes through manipulating the rumen microbiome and their metabolism remain the "holy grail" for the intensively managed dairy herds in China and beyond.Although some of the microbes resident of the rumen have been isolated and studied in the past century and some of the metabolic processes of the isolated microbes,primarily bacteria,have been elucidated in test tubes,our knowledge on the microbiological processes remains very limited and fragmented for several reasons.First,only a few metabolic processes in a limited number of bacteria have been determined.Second,some of these "ex-situ" metabolic processes may not typically occur in the rumen.Third,the actual microbiological processes and functions of the rumen microbiome cannot be determined from the sum of the metabolism of individual microbes.Therefore,collective studies of the rumen microbiome with respect to its composition,structure,digestion of feed and subsequent fermentation,and microbial protein synthesis,are required to really elucidate the microbiological underpinning of feed conversion to milk precursors.Recently,metagenomics began to be applied to studies of rumen microbiome.Metagenomics allow detailed studies of composition and structure of rumen microbiome as well as genetic potential thereof.A number of metagenomic studies have been reported on rumen microbiome.Although new knowledge on diversity,both phylogenetic and functional,has been obtained,few studies linked metagenomic data to phenotypic data (i.e.,feed digestion,fermentation,or milk production),making these studies empirical rather than mechanistic.
机译：奶牛依靠瘤胃内的微生物过程来获得可消化的养分，以维持和生产宿主用来生产牛奶的牛奶前体。因此，通过控制瘤胃微生物组来优化微生物过程及其代谢仍然是“尽管在过去的一个世纪中已经分离并研究了瘤胃中的某些微生物，并且已经阐明了分离的微生物的某些代谢过程，主要是细菌，试管中，我们对微生物过程的了解仍然非常有限，并且由于以下几个原因而支离破碎。首先，仅在有限数量的细菌中确定了一些代谢过程。其次，其中一些“非原位”代谢过程通常不第三，瘤胃微生物组的实际微生物过程和功能无法确定因此，需要对瘤胃微生物组的组成，结构，饲料消化和随后的发酵以及微生物蛋白合成进行集体研究，才能真正阐明饲料转化为微生物的微生物基础。近年来，元基因组学开始被用于瘤胃微生物组的研究。基因组学允许对瘤胃微生物组的组成和结构及其遗传潜能进行详细研究。关于瘤胃微生物组的许多宏基因组学研究已有报道。已经获得了系统发育的多样性，无论是系统发育的还是功能性的，很少有研究将宏基因组学数据与表型数据（即饲料消化，发酵或产奶量）联系起来，使这些研究是经验性的而非机械性的。

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