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首页> 外文会议>ACIAR Proceedings no.113; Workshop on Agriculture: New Directions for a New Nation East Timor(Timor-Leste); 20021001-03; Dili(TP) >The role of Leucaena in swidden cropping and livestock production in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia
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The role of Leucaena in swidden cropping and livestock production in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia

机译：银合欢在印度尼西亚努沙登加拉帖木儿省的水生作物和畜牧生产中的作用

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摘要

The islands of Nusa Tenggara Timur province in eastern Indonesia lie in the rain shadow of Australia. They have a semi-arid climate with a short wet season from December to March, and a long, hot, dry season. Natural erosion can be quite severe when heavy rains at the start of the wet season fall on soil that has lost much of its vegetative cover over the long period without rain. Increasing population and the introduction and increase of swidden cropping, extensive wildfires, domestic livestock, and weeds in the late 1800s and 1900s accelerated the loss of natural vegetation and led to extensive land degradation over much of the province. Between the 1930s and 1960s, villagers, government institutions and non-government organisations recognised that more sustainable fallow systems were needed, so the use of Leucaena leucocephala was developed and promoted in the province. Contrasting systems have since emerged and endured in the Amarasi and Sikka areas, providing excellent examples of village adoption and use of shrub legumes in village farming systems. The aim of this paper is to describe the background and nature of contrasting Leucaena-based farming systems in Amarasi and Sikka in NTT and to promote awareness that might be useful in utilisation of leucaena and other shrub legumes in East Timor. The Amarasi system, which was developed in the 1930s, is based around the use of Leucaena as a fallow rotation for corn and as a food source for tethered cattle and housed goats. The Sikka system was developed in the 1960s and involves the use of contour rows of Leucaena to prevent erosion and to create indirect terraces. Crops such as corn, peanuts, and mung beans are grown on the terraces and mulched with Leucaena clippings. These extensive systems each cover about 50,000 hectares, or about 70% and 30% of the Amarasi and Sikka areas respectively. They have contributed substantially to farm production, wood supply, and stabilisation of the resource base. The systems were placed under severe pressure and declined for several years after 1986, when the psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) spread, multiplied, and devastated Leucaena over wide areas. This led to increased use of other tree legumes in the systems and a search for Leucaena species tolerant of the psyllid. Over time, however, the influence of the psyllid waned and, during the 1990s, Leucaena production and utilisation returned to near its previous levels. This paper describes these contrasting systems and draws conclusions about the reasons for their success. They are examples of successful and robust cropping and livestock systems that have been widely adopted by farmers. Lessons from Amarasi and Sikka are valuable in considering the promotion and adoption of similar systems in other areas.
机译：印度尼西亚东部的努沙登加拉帖木儿省的岛屿位于澳大利亚的雨影中。它们的气候为半干旱，从12月至3月的雨季较短，而炎热的干燥季节较长。当雨季开始时的大雨落在长期没有雨水的植被覆盖下的土壤上时，自然侵蚀可能会非常严重。 1800年代末期和1900年代末，人口增加以及旱作作物，大面积野火，家畜和杂草的引入和增加加速了自然植被的丧失，并导致该省大部分地区的土地大量退化。在1930年代和1960年代之间，村民，政府机构和非政府组织认识到需要更可持续的休耕系统，因此该省开发并推广了白花白桦的使用。此后，在Amarasi和Sikka地区出现并采用了对比系统，这为乡村采用和在农耕系统中使用灌木豆科植物提供了很好的例子。本文的目的是描述NTT的Amarasi和Sikka的以Leucaena为基础的耕作制度形成对比的背景和性质，并提高人们的认识，这可能对东帝汶的Leucaena和其他灌木豆科植物的利用有用。在1930年代开发的Amarasi系统是基于Leucaena作为玉米的休耕轮作以及拴系牛和圈养山羊的食物来源而建立的。 Sikka系统是在1960年代开发的，涉及到使用Leucaena等高线排来防止侵蚀并创建间接梯田。玉米，花生和绿豆等农作物种植在梯田上，并用白桦属植物修剪。这些广泛的系统各自覆盖约50,000公顷，分别占阿马拉西和锡卡地区的70％和30％。它们为农业生产，木材供应和稳定资源基础做出了重大贡献。该系统承受着巨大的压力，并在1986年以后的几年里下降了，当时木虱（Heteropsylla cubana）在宽阔的地区传播，繁殖并毁灭了Leucaena。这导致在该系统中更多地使用其他树木豆科植物，并寻找耐木虱的白桦属物种。然而，随着时间的流逝，木虱的影响逐渐减弱，在1990年代，银合欢的生产和利用又恢复到以前的水平。本文介绍了这些对比系统，并就其成功的原因得出了结论。它们是成功且健壮的农作物和牲畜系统的实例，已被农民广泛采用。 Amarasi和Sikka的经验教训对于在其他领域考虑推广和采用类似系统非常有价值。

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