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Density Estimation in Aerial Images of Large Crowds for Automatic People Counting

机译：大型人群航空影像中的密度估算，用于自动人数统计

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摘要

Counting people is a common topic in the area of visual surveillance and crowd analysis. While many image-based solutions are designed to count only a few persons at the same time, like pedestrians entering a shop or watching an advertisement, there is hardly any solution for counting large crowds of several hundred persons or more. We addressed this problem previously by designing a semi-automatic system being able to count crowds consisting of hundreds or thousands of people based on aerial images of demonstrations or similar events. This system requires major user interaction to segment the image. Our principle aim is to reduce this manual interaction. To achieve this, we propose a new and automatic system. Besides counting the people in large crowds, the system yields the positions of people allowing a plausibility check by a human operator. In order to automatize the people counting system, we use crowd density estimation. The determination of crowd density is based on several features like edge intensity or spatial frequency. They indicate the density and discriminate between a crowd and other image regions like buildings, bushes or trees. We compare the performance of our automatic system to the previous semi-automatic system and to manual counting in images. By counting a test set of aerial images showing large crowds containing up to 12,000 people, the performance gain of our new system will be measured. By improving our previous system, we will increase the benefit of an image-based solution for counting people in large crowds.
机译：人数统计是视觉监控和人群分析领域的常见主题。尽管许多基于图像的解决方案旨在仅同时数人，例如行人进入商店或观看广告，但几乎没有解决方案可以计算数百人或更多的大人群。以前，我们通过设计一个半自动系统来解决此问题，该系统能够根据演示或类似事件的航空图像对数百或数千人组成的人群进行计数。该系统需要主要的用户交互来分割图像。我们的主要目的是减少这种手动交互。为此，我们提出了一个新的自动系统。除了计算人群中的人数之外，该系统还可以确定人员的位置，从而允许操作员进行真实性检查。为了使人数统计系统自动化，我们使用人群密度估算。人群密度的确定是基于边缘强度或空间频率等几个特征的。它们指示密度，并区分人群和其他图像区域，例如建筑物，灌木丛或树木。我们将自动系统的性能与以前的半自动系统以及图像中的手动计数进行比较。通过对一组显示多达12,000人的人群的航空影像测试集进行计数，可以衡量我们新系统的性能提升。通过改进以前的系统，我们将增加基于图像的解决方案的优势，该解决方案可用于统计大量人群。

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