After 100 yers of development, internal combustion engines (ICEs) have evolved into reliable and refined power units, remarkably clean compared with their predecessors, enabled by moderately re-formulated gasoline and diesel fuel. As a result, air quality has improved, and will continue to do so, but energy efficiency, especially at part-load, remains modest. This paper further develops one presented earlier this year on a similar theme (1). As such, it reviews the current status of ICEs and the scope for their further improvement, and compares the alternative options being developed, along with the market opportunities arising and implications for fuel manufacture and associated distribution infrastructure.
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