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CO2 USED AS LOW TEMPERATURE REFRIGERANT IN AMMONIA-CO2CASCADE SYSTEMS

机译：氨-二氧化碳级联系统中用作低温制冷剂的二氧化碳

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摘要

The refrigeration industry is facing many new challenges. The global environmental threats, such asrnthe ozone depletion, global warming and the green house effect, are all challenges that thernrefrigeration industry is facing. CFC, HCFC and HFC are all synthetic refrigerants, which arernaffected by the international agreement laid down in the Montreal Protocol, and later on the KyotornProtocol to reduce these environmental threats.rnAmmonia is a natural substance, not affected by these restrictions. It is a well-proven and effectivernrefrigerant with more than 100 years of experience, and within industrial refrigeration it is the mostrndominant refrigerant. Even if it is well-proven and effective, there are still applications where it isrndifficult to use due to its toxicity or less effectiveness at low temperatures.rnIn a number of countries, in particular in Europe, it has become more difficult to install refrigerationrnsystems with large ammonia charges, due to safety reasons. This together with the doubts aboutrncontinuous availability of the halocarbon refrigerants has led to a renewed interest in CO2 (carbonrndioxide).rnThis paper will focus on CO2 used as refrigerant in sub critical industrial cascade systems, and howrnCO2's unique properties affect the design and maintenance of these systems.
机译：制冷行业面临许多新挑战。诸如臭氧消耗，全球变暖和温室效应等全球环境威胁，都是制冷业面临的挑战。 CFC，HCFC和HFC都是合成制冷剂，均受《蒙特利尔议定书》和后来的《京都议定书》所定的国际协议的影响，以减少这些环境威胁。氨是一种天然物质，不受这些限制的影响。它是一种经过验证的有效制冷剂，具有100多年的经验，在工业制冷领域中，制冷剂是最主要的制冷剂。即使经过充分验证和有效，由于其毒性或在低温下的有效性较低，仍存在难以使用的应用。在许多国家，尤其是在欧洲，安装带有制冷功能的制冷系统变得更加困难。由于安全原因，氨水费用较高。再加上人们对卤代烃制冷剂不能连续使用的疑问，引起了人们对CO2（二氧化碳）的重新关注。本文将重点研究在次临界工业级联系统中用作制冷剂的CO2，以及CO2的独特性能如何影响这些制冷剂的设计和维护。系统。

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