The effects of advanced automation tools on the air traffic control tower environment were assessed through a real-time simulation study. One focus of the study was the impact that advanced tools would have on controllers' roles and work patterns. Participants controlled simulated traffic during 45-minute scenarios, and reported their perceived workload and experience of using a prototype automation tool. Perceived workload was significantly reduced in the advanced automation conditions, more so as the automation assumed more functions. Participants interacted a great deal with the automation in these conditions, a notable proportion of which was interface management. Despite generally liking the tool, controllers reported the automation had assumed all of their role's decision-making responsibilities and left them with mechanical tasks. It is concluded that a more artful allocation of functions is required if controllers are to be engaged in their task when using advanced automation tools.
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