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首页> 外文会议>Bearing steel technology: Developments in rolling bearing steels and testing >Comparison of Inclusion Assessment Rating Standards in Terms of Results and Reliability by Numerical Simulation
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Comparison of Inclusion Assessment Rating Standards in Terms of Results and Reliability by Numerical Simulation

机译：结果与可靠性数值模拟方法对夹杂物评定标准的比较

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Today, the cleanliness assessment of bearing steel is usually performed by using standard metallographic methods such as ASTM E45, DIN 50602, Norme Internationale ISO 4967, ASTM 2283, etc. These methods are based on the estimation of indexes, and they use either reference images given by charts (Plate l-r for use with ASTM E45) or the principle of the extreme values. The obtained indexes contribute to the quality assessment of a heat. As all these methods do not give the same results, they must be compared to determine the following: First, what the most appropriate method for a given case is and, second, what the reliability of each obtained result is. It is nearly impossible to answer these questions on the basis of a set of experimental measurements coming from these methods. Indeed, this approach is inevitably time-consuming and does not offer any guarantee as to the conclusions. The main reason is that no standard sample exists with known cleanliness properties. To solve this problem, we have developed a simulation approach. In this case, the different methods of cleanliness assessment are simulated on virtual samples. The inclusion populations are perfectly known in this kind of sample (number of inclusions per mm3, sizes, positions, etc.). To create them, the characteristic parameters of these populations (size distribution, elongation distribution, etc.) must be precisely obtained through experiments. To carry this out, an automatic system of measurement has been developed using a scanning electronic microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer system. The model in this simulation approach takes into account the experimental conditions (detection limit, observed area, etc.) and gives numerical results according to the typical chart taken from the standard methods. So, it is possible to compare and to evaluate the reliability of the results from the different methods or to quantify the effects of a parameter of a method on the results. Moreover, it provides the reliability of an experimental result to meet the requirement of a given customer in a more precise way.
机译：如今，轴承钢的清洁度评估通常是使用标准的金相方法进行的，例如ASTM E45，DIN 50602，Norme Internationale ISO 4967，ASTM 2283等。这些方法基于指标的估计，并且它们使用两种参考图像由图表给出（用于ASTM E45的Plate Ir）或极值原理给出。获得的指数有助于加热的质量评估。由于所有这些方法均不能给出相同的结果，因此必须将它们进行比较以确定以下各项：首先，对于给定情况最合适的方法是什么，其次，每个获得的结果的可靠性是什么。根据来自这些方法的一组实验测量结果，几乎不可能回答这些问题。确实，这种方法不可避免地耗时，并且不能对结论提供任何保证。主要原因是不存在具有已知清洁度特性的标准样品。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一种仿真方法。在这种情况下，将在虚拟样本上模拟不同的清洁度评估方法。此类样品中的夹杂物总数是众所周知的（每mm3的夹杂物数量，大小，位置等）。要创建它们，必须通过实验精确地获得这些种群的特征参数（尺寸分布，伸长率分布等）。为了实现这一点，已经开发了使用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散光谱仪系统的自动测量系统。这种模拟方法中的模型考虑了实验条件（检测限，观察面积等），并根据标准方法中的典型图表给出了数值结果。因此，可以比较和评估来自不同方法的结果的可靠性，或者量化方法的参数对结果的影响。而且，它提供了实验结果的可靠性，可以更精确地满足给定客户的需求。

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