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Competitive Husbandry, Grasslands Ecology and the Maintenance of Pastoral Livelihoods

机译：竞争性的畜牧业，草地生态学和维持牧民生计

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摘要

The authors’ investigation of farming, pastoral, and mixed farming-pastoral areas in Xilingol and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, demonstrates that with extreme unbalance in both ecological systems and in the course of marketization, herding lifestyles shift from ecological to market adaptation. Multifunctional traditional grasslands husbandry supports biodiversity, livestock production, herding lifestyles, minority culture, travel and tourism, border stability and national security, food security, and so on; yet under conditions of industrializing food production and animal husbandry, and international free trade in the products of these industries, traditional husbandry has become simplified competitive husbandry in which livestock production, and a limited amount of organized tourism, are emphasized. This has led to the erosion, alteration, or suppression of other functions of grasslands husbandry, threatening the sustainability of the grasslands ecosystem and the maintenance of herding lifestyles and culture. Issues of pastoral production, environments, and people can be resolved by recognizing the interconnectedness of grasslands ecosystems and human activity while adopting science-based livelihood adaptation programs. The promotion of healthy grasslands ecology, the preservation of minority culture, border stability, international security, and other such functions can only be brought into play once competitive husbandry, and the simplistic market logic on which it is predicated, are left behind.
机译：作者对内蒙古锡林郭勒和赤峰的农牧区和农牧混合地区进行的调查表明，由于生态系统和市场化过程中的极端失衡，牧民的生活方式从生态适应转变为市场适应。多功能传统草原牧业支持生物多样性，畜牧生产，牧民生活方式，少数民族文化，旅行和旅游，边境稳定与国家安全，粮食安全等；然而，在粮食生产和畜牧业工业化以及这些行业产品的国际自由贸易的条件下，传统畜牧业已成为简化的竞争性畜牧业，其中强调了牲畜生产和有限的有组织旅游业。这导致了草原牧业其他功能的侵蚀，改变或抑制，威胁到草原生态系统的可持续性以及维持牧民的生活方式和文化。在采用基于科学的生计适应计划的同时，认识到草原生态系统和人类活动之间的相互联系，就可以解决牧区生产，环境和人的问题。只有在竞争性的畜牧业以及以此为基础的简单的市场逻辑被抛弃之后，才能促进健康的草原生态系统，维护少数民族文化，边境稳定，国际安全和其他此类职能。

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