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Warm-Mix Asphalt for Rural County Roads

机译：乡村公路的混合沥青

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Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is a group of technologies that allow for the placement of asphalt at production temperatures 35℉ - 100℉ lower than traditional Hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Some of the benefits for using WMA are that it lowers fuel consumption, lessens the aging of the asphalt binder, decreases the production of greenhouse gases, allows for the placement of asphalt plants in more restrictive areas, and improves worker conditions. First used in Europe, WMA was introduced to the U.S. with a European scanning tour in 2002. In 2004 the first field tests in the U.S. were constructed, with the first production paving jobs in 2006.rnWarm Mix Technology is divided into three distinct classifications based on the mechanism used to produce the end product. In one class, foaming, small amounts of water are mixed with the hot asphalt oil. A second process uses organic additives or waxes to decrease the viscosity of the oil. The last class use chemicals or surfactants to aide in the coating of the aggregate at lower temperatures. All three processes have been used in cold weather climates.rnA surfactant was chosen for Crow Wing County Road 108. Most surfactants require little if any plant modifications when compared to a foaming process in which the modifications could be as simple as adding another bin to a rap feeder or as complicated as adding manifolds and injectors to the plant. The use of a wax was rejected, as one of the ways to get a cost comparable product for this project was to substitute a warm mix product using PG 58-28 oil for a hot mix product using PG 58-34 oil. Research indicated that one of the benefits of warm mix using the foaming or surfactant process is that they generally perform better than the waxes for thermal cracking.rnOn August 19th of 2008 2913 tons of WMA and 272 tons of HMA were placed on Crow Wing County Road 108 by Anderson Brothers Construction Company of Brainerd. A level 2 gyratory mix design was used incorporating Evotherm 3G in the asphalt binder. The additive was added at the Flint Hills refinery in Minneapolis at a rate of 0.5% by the weight of the binder. The product arrived at the paving plant ready to use, requiring no modifications to the plant or the paving equipment. During production the only change made to the normal testing procedure of the mix was the temperature at which the gyratory samples were made. The oil met all the requirements of a PG 58-28 oil and the mix met all of the requirements of a Level 2 gyratory design. The binder was cut 0.1% from the HMA design to bring the production air voids in the WMA up to the desired levels. The densities of the road cores of the WMA (ave. 92.7%) were found to be slightly below that of the HMA (94.1%) but still at a respectable level for a 2 inch lift on a 5 ton road over gravel.rnAnswers that will come over time are whether or not WMA will perform better than HMA for thermal cracking, will it will have a longer life span and will prices become comparable to HMA. Some other countries currently believe the answers are "yes" and are willing to pay a higher price today to realize cost savings in the future.
机译：温拌沥青（WMA）是一组允许在生产温度比传统的热拌沥青（HMA）低35℉-100℉的情况下放置沥青的技术。使用WMA的一些好处是，它可以降低燃料消耗，减轻沥青粘合剂的老化，减少温室气体的产生，允许将沥青工厂放置在限制更大的区域并改善工人的条件。 WMA首次在欧洲使用，并于2002年随欧洲扫描之旅引入美国。2004年，在美国进行了首次现场测试，并在2006年进行了第一批生产摊铺工作。rn暖拌技术分为三种不同的分类关于生产最终产品的机制。一类是起泡，少量水与热沥青油混合。第二种方法使用有机添加剂或蜡来降低油的粘度。最后一类使用化学品或表面活性剂在较低温度下辅助骨料的涂层。所有这三个过程均已在寒冷的气候中使用。rn在克劳荣县道108号选择了一种表面活性剂。与发泡过程相比，大多数表面活性剂几乎不需要任何植物修饰，而在发泡过程中，只需将另一个容器添加到泡沫中即可。说唱送纸器，或者像在工厂中增加歧管和喷油器一样复杂。拒绝使用蜡，因为获得该项目成本可比产品的方法之一是用PG 58-28油代替热混合产品，而用PG 58-34油代替热混合产品。研究表明，使用发泡或表面活性剂工艺进行热混合的好处之一是，与热裂解相比，它们的性能通常要好于蜡。rn2008年8月19日，在鸦翼县道放置了2913吨WMA和272吨HMA 108由布雷纳德的安德森兄弟建筑公司制作。使用2级旋转混合设计，将Evotherm 3G掺入沥青粘合剂中。将添加剂以粘合剂重量的0.5％的比率添加到明尼阿波利斯的弗林特希尔斯炼油厂。产品到达摊铺设备后即可使用，无需修改设备或摊铺设备。在生产过程中，对混合物的常规测试程序所做的唯一更改是制作回旋样品的温度。该机油满足PG 58-28机油的所有要求，混合物满足2级回旋设计的所有要求。从HMA设计中将粘合剂削减了0.1％，以使WMA中的生产空气空隙达到所需水平。发现WMA的道路核心密度（平均为92.7％）略低于HMA（94.1％），但在砾石上方5吨的道路上2英寸的举升水平仍处于可观的水平。随着时间的流逝，WMA在热裂方面的性能是否会优于HMA，使用寿命更长，价格是否可与HMA媲美。当前，其他一些国家认为答案是“是”，并且愿意今天付出更高的代价以实现将来的成本节省。

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