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CAUSE OF AN EMBANKMENT DAM SINKHOLE

机译：路堤大坝沉孔的原因

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Chilhowee Dam is an 85 foot high, 1,500 foot long hydropower development located near Knoxville, Tennessee. A 6 foot deep sinkhole was observed on the upstream slope of the dam's left embankment section in February 2000 near the abutment. After subsurface investigations were unable to determine the cause of the sinkhole, the affected area was excavated and rebuilt to address the growing safety concern. The paper focuses on the findings of this excavation: 1) the extent of the sinkhole, 2) other deficiencies encountered during the excavation, and 3) the issues with original construction that had contributed to the sinkhole development.rnThe sinkhole was excavated from the surface to its terminus more than 30 feet below the embankment's crest. It passed nearly vertically through the upstream sloping clay core through noticeably softer clay, ending in a zone of missing downstream fine filter. Piping of core material was evident by: 1) voids in the core, 2) zones of noticeably softer clay, and 3) clay contamination of downstream filters. A vertical crack spanning the clay core was observed near an overhanging rock abutment, having been filled in with filter and rockfill material.rnThe findings of the careful excavation suggest the sinkhole was caused by poor quality control measures during construction near the abutment, not improper construction materials, a distinction important for qualifying the overall safety of the remainder of the embankment. Unacceptable treatment of the rock abutment and a zone of missing downstream fine filter at the abutment contributed to the sinkhole formation.
机译：Chilhowee大坝是一座85英尺高，1,500英尺长的水电开发项目，位于田纳西州诺克斯维尔附近。 2000年2月，在坝肩左堤的上游斜坡上观察到一个6英尺深的下陷。在地下调查无法确定下沉原因之后，对受影响的区域进行了挖掘和重建，以解决日益增长的安全隐患。本文着眼于该开挖的发现：1）塌陷的程度; 2）在挖掘过程中遇到的其他缺陷; 3）导致塌陷发展的原始结构问题.rn塌陷是从地面挖出的到终点处，距离路堤波峰以下30英尺。它几乎垂直穿过上游倾斜的粘土芯，穿过明显较软的粘土，最后到达缺少下游细滤器的区域。核芯材料的管道很明显：1）核芯中的空隙； 2）明显较软的粘土区域； 3）下游过滤器的粘土污染。在悬垂的岩台附近观察到横跨粘土核心的垂直裂缝，并充满了过滤器和堆石材料.rn仔细挖掘的结果表明，下沉孔是由在台肩附近施工期间不良的质量控制措施引起的，而非不当施工材料，这对于限定路堤其余部分的整体安全性至关重要。岩石基台的不合格处理以及基台上缺少下游细滤器的区域导致了下沉孔的形成。

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