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首页> 外文会议>2019 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology >SATOS: Storage Agnostic Tokens over Opaque and Substructural Types
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SATOS: Storage Agnostic Tokens over Opaque and Substructural Types

机译：SATOS：不透明和子结构类型上的存储不可知令牌

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摘要

Public blockchains in support of Smart Contracts (SC), like Ethereum enable everyone to represent scarce, valuable resources (like cryptocurrencies) as so-called tokens. Token issuing and management was the first blockchain use case. However, programming languages and runtime systems used in the current blockchains for their SCs lack a secure and straightforward way to implement and handle tokens. The unnecessary complexity in doing so can lead to erroneous implementation of tokens and applications built on top of these, including the loss or theft of tokens as it happened. The most known attack was "TheDAO" attack which led to the "loss" of tokens, valued at that time at approximately 60 M US Dollar. A better and secure token representation directly embedded into a SC runtime and SC programming language could prevent loss of tokens. Thus this paper presents an approach including parts of a programming language using it. The core of the model is to use opaque and substructural data types together with an onchain soundness checker to generically represent tokens securely as values similar to integers and booleans. Such opaque data types enforce that only a designated piece of code can create values of that type. The substructural data types allow arbitrary values to express scarcity by preventing the duplication and elimination of values. The on-chain soundness checker ensures that the deployed code does not violate guarantees given by the type system, which includes opaque and substructural data types.
机译：以太坊等支持智能合约（SC）的公共区块链使每个人都可以将稀缺的宝贵资源（如加密货币）表示为所谓的令牌。令牌发行和管理是第一个区块链用例。但是，当前区块链中用于其SC的编程语言和运行时系统缺乏实现和处理令牌的安全且直接的方法。这样做不必要的复杂性可能导致令牌和基于令牌和令牌构建的应用程序的错误实现，包括令牌的丢失或被盗。最著名的攻击是“ TheDAO”攻击，导致令牌“丢失”，当时令牌的价值约为6000万美元。直接嵌入到SC运行时和SC编程语言中的更好且安全的令牌表示形式可以防止令牌丢失。因此，本文提出了一种使用部分编程语言的方法。该模型的核心是将不透明和子结构数据类型与链上健全性检查器一起使用，以将令牌安全地一般表示为类似于整数和布尔值的值。这种不透明的数据类型强制要求只有指定的代码段才能创建该类型的值。子结构数据类型允许任意值通过防止值的重复和消除来表达稀缺性。链上健全性检查器可确保所部署的代码不会违反类型系统所提供的保证，该类型系统包括不透明和子结构数据类型。

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