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Stable phantoms for characterization of photoacoustic tomography (PAT) systems

机译：用于表征光声层析成像（PAT）系统的稳定体模

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Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging modality that combines the high contrast of optical imaging, with the spatial resolution and penetration depth of ultrasound, by exploiting the photoacoustic effect. As with any new imaging modality, reliable physical phantoms are needed to: calibrate instruments; validate performance; optimize signal-to-noise; perform routine quality control; and compare systems. Phantom materials for testing small animal PAT systems should also mimic both the optical and acoustic properties of soft tissue, while for calibration purposes should be resistant to degradation over long time periods. We show here that polyvinyl chloride plastisol (PVCP) phantoms enable calibration and performance validation using two PAT systems with distinct designs (Visualsonics Vevo LAZR and Endra Nexus 128) across a wavelength range of 680 nm - 950 nm. Inclusions between 2 and 3.2 mm in diameter were fabricated from PVCP using a range of dye concentrations (0 ％ to 0.256 ％ Black Plastic Color, BPC) in a custom mold. A calibration phantom was imaged repeatedly on both systems, over time scales of minutes, hours and days, to assess system stability. Both systems demonstrated good reproducibility over time, with the coefficient of variation in the measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) being less than 15％ over the course of 30 days. Imaging performance was optimized by plotting SNR as a function of different system parameters. The visualization of objects embedded in optically absorbing and scattering backgrounds was also assessed. PVCP is easy to work with and provides stable phantoms for assessing PAT system performance.
机译：光声层析成像（PAT）是一种新兴的形式，通过利用光声效应将光学成像的高对比度与超声的空间分辨率和穿透深度相结合。与任何新的成像方式一样，需要可靠的物理体模来：校准仪器；验证性能；优化信噪比；进行常规质量控制；并比较系统。用于测试小型动物PAT系统的幻影材料还应模仿软组织的光学和声学特性，而出于校准目的，则应能够长时间抵抗降解。我们在这里显示，聚氯乙烯增塑溶胶（PVCP）体模能够使用两个具有不同设计的PAT系统（Visualsonics Vevo LAZR和Endra Nexus 128）在680 nm-950 nm的波长范围内进行校准和性能验证。在定制模具中，使用一定范围的染料浓度（0％至0.256％黑色塑料色，BPC），由PVCP制造直径2至3.2 mm的夹杂物。在两个系统上，分别以分钟，小时和天的时间尺度对校准体模进行重复成像，以评估系统稳定性。两种系统都表现出良好的可重复性，并且在30天内，测得的信噪比（SNR）的变化系数小于15％。通过将SNR绘制为不同系统参数的函数来优化成像性能。还评估了嵌入光学吸收和散射背景的物体的可视化。 PVCP易于使用，并提供稳定的体模来评估PAT系统性能。

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