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Additive Manufacturing by Electrophotography: Challenges and Successes

机译：Electrophotography的增材制造：挑战与成功

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摘要

3-D printing of complex structures by selective deposition is currently dominated by direct write and inkjet technologies (as utilized in Stratasys, Objet, ZCorp, Voxeljet, and Solidscape systems). Dry toner systems, despite their high productivity and maturity in 2D digital printing, have only been used indirectly for Additive Manufacture (AM) of objects above the micro scale. For over 3 years a European consortium has sought to overcome the inherent challenges of multilayer printing by electrophotography to enable its use in mainstream AM which promises increased deposition efficiency and a means of utilizing materials not amenable to liquid ink formulations. This paper reviews the challenges addressed and demonstrates the progress made including development of a bespoke thermoplastic elastomer toner and the specialized hardware configuration used to print and fuse it into tensile specimens over 50 layers thick which elongated over 500% before failure. Additionally, seeking to reduce oxidation during toner fusing, electrostatic printing and fusing was unsuccessfully attempted in a vacuum and in argon; while printing in a partial vacuum (above 50 kPa) and nitrogen was possible.
机译：通过选择性沉积进行复杂结构的3D打印目前主要由直接写入和喷墨技术（如Stratasys，Objet，ZCorp，Voxeljet和Solidscape系统中使用的技术）主导。干式碳粉系统尽管在2D数字打印中具有很高的生产率和成熟度，但仅间接用于微米级以上物体的增材制造（AM）。过去3年多来，欧洲的一个财团一直在努力克服电子照相法多层印刷的固有挑战，以使其能够在主流AM中使用，这有望提高沉积效率，并采用一种不适合液体油墨配方的材料。本文回顾了所面临的挑战，并展示了所取得的进展，包括开发了定制的热塑性弹性体碳粉，以及用于将其打印和融合成厚度超过50层的拉伸试样的特殊硬件配置，该试样在断裂前伸长了500％。另外，试图减少在调色剂定影期间的氧化，在真空和氩气中未成功地尝试静电印刷和定影。同时在部分真空（50 kPa以上）和氮气中打印。

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