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Remote sensing at the NASA Kennedy Space Center and the Eastern Range: a perspective from the ground up

机译：NASA肯尼迪航天中心和东部靶场的遥感：从根本上看待

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This paper provides an overview of ground based operational remote sensing activities that enable a broad range of missions at the Eastern Range (ER), which includes the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and U.S. Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). Many types of sensors are in use by KSC and across the ER. We examine remote sensors for winds, lightning and electric fields, precipitation and storm hazards. These sensors provide data that are used in real-time to evaluate launch commit criteria during space launches, major ground processing operations in preparation for space launches, issuing weather warnings/watches/advisories to protect over 25,000 people and facilities worth over $20 billion, and routine weather forecasts. The data from these sensors are archived to focus NASA launch vehicle design studies, to develop forecast techniques, and for incident investigation. The wind sensors include the 50-MHz and 915-MHz Doppler Radar Wind Profilers (DRWP) and the Doppler capability of the weather surveillance radars. The atmospheric electricity sensors include lightning aloft detectors, cloud-to-ground lightning detectors, and surface electric field mills. The precipitation and storm hazards sensors include weather surveillance radars. Next, we discuss a new type of remote sensor that may lead to better tracking of near-Earth asteroids versus current capabilities. The Ka Band Objects Observation and Monitoring (KaBOOM) is a phased array of three 12 meter (m) antennas being built as a technology demonstration for a future radar system that could be used to track deep-space objects such as asteroids. Transmissions in the Ka band allow for wider bandwidth than at lower frequencies, but the signals are also far more susceptible to de-correlation from turbulence in the troposphere, as well as attenuation due to water vapor, which is plentiful in the Central Florida atmosphere. If successful, KaBOOM will have served as the pathfinder for a larger and more capable instrument that will enable tracking 15 m asteroids up to 72 million kilometers (km) away, about half the distance to the Sun and five times further than we can track today. Finally, we explore the use of Site Test Interferometers (STI) as atmospheric sensors. The STI antennas continually observe signals emitted by geostationary satellites and produce measurements of the phase difference between the received signals. STIs are usually located near existing or candidate antenna array sites to statistically characterize atmospheric phase delay fluctuation effects for the site. An STI measures the fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric delay from an extraterrestrial source to two or more points on the Earth. There is a three-element STI located at the KaBOOM site at KSC.
机译：本文概述了可在东部范围（ER）进行广泛任务的地面操作遥感活动，其中包括美国国家航空航天局（NASA）肯尼迪航天中心（KSC）和美国空军卡纳维拉尔角空军站（CCAFS）。 KSC和整个ER使用多种类型的传感器。我们检查遥感器是否有风，雷电和电场，降雨和暴风雨危害。这些传感器提供的数据可用于实时评估航天发射期间的发射承诺标准，为航天发射做准备的主要地面处理操作，发布天气警告/手表/建议以保护超过25,000人和价值超过200亿美元的设施，以及例行天气预报。这些传感器的数据被存档，以专注于NASA运载火箭的设计研究，开发预测技术以及进行事件调查。风传感器包括50MHz和915MHz多普勒雷达风廓线仪（DRWP）以及气象监视雷达的多普勒能力。大气电传感器包括高空雷电探测器，云对地雷电探测器和表面电场磨。降雨和风暴危害传感器包括天气监视雷达。接下来，我们讨论一种新型的遥感器，它可能会导致更好地跟踪近地小行星而不是当前的能力。 Ka波段天体观测和监视（KaBOOM）是由三个12米（m）天线组成的相控阵，是对未来雷达系统的技术演示，该雷达系统可用于跟踪小行星等深空物体。 Ka频段的传输允许比低频频段更宽的带宽，但是信号也更容易受到对流层湍流的去相关以及水蒸气引起的衰减的影响，而佛罗里达州中部的大气层中存在大量的水蒸气。如果成功的话，KaBOOM将成为一种更大，能力更强的仪器的探路者，该仪器将能够追踪最远7200万公里的15 m小行星，距太阳约一半的距离，是我们今天所能追踪的距离的五倍。最后，我们探索了现场测试干涉仪（STI）作为大气传感器的用途。 STI天线不断观察对地静止卫星发射的信号，并测量接收信号之间的相位差。 STI通常位于现有或候选天线阵列站点附近，以统计表征该站点的大气相位延迟波动效应。 STI可以测量从外星源到地球上两个或多个点的大气延迟差异的波动。在KSC的KaBOOM站点上有一个三元素STI。

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