The French Attempt to Construct a Canal at Panama

机译：法国人试图在巴拿马建造一条运河

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Following the success of the Suez Canal, Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique incorporated under French law on March 3, 1881, for the purpose of building a canal through Panama, the first attempt at construction of a waterway to cross the Panamanian isthmus. Within eight years, on February 4, 1889, the company was declared bankrupt and dissolved. Five years later, a second French company was created, which continued nominal work, until the United States took control of the project in 1904. The French effort at Panama is regarded as a failure, often relegated to being a footnote in the history of the construction of the canal. This paper chronicles the efforts, the challenges, and the ultimate downfall of the French endeavor at the Panama Canal, calling attention to the achievements and lessons learned from the French experience, which later benefitted the American enterprise at the same location.

机译：随着苏伊士运河的成功，根据法国法律，1881年3月3日根据法国法律成立了Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique，其目的是通过巴拿马建一条运河，这是建设一条穿越巴拿马地峡的水路的首次尝试。在8年内，即1889年2月4日，该公司宣布破产并解散。五年后，又成立了第二家法国公司，继续进行名义工作，直到美国于1904年控制了该项目。法国在巴拿马的努力被认为是失败的，通常被贬为巴拿马历史上的脚注。运河建设。本文记录了法国在巴拿马运河的努力，面临的挑战和最终的失败，呼吁人们注意从法国的经验中取得的成就和经验教训，这些经验和教训后来使美国企业在同一地点受益。

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《Engineering the Panama: A centennial retrospective》|2014年|14-26|共13页
会议地点 Panama City(PA)
作者
Reuben F. Hull Jr.;
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Civil Design Engineering Consultants, 1162 Lowell Road, Schenectady, NY 12308;

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正文语种 eng
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机译：法国旅游业斥资19亿英镑扩建巴拿马运河
2. Panama Canal Expansion: Will Panama Canal Be a Game-Changer for Liquefied Natural Gas Exports to Asia? [J] . Moryadee Seksun, Gabriel Steven A. Journal of Energy Engineering . 2017,第1期

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3. Panama Canal's New Paradigm: Deputy Administrator Manuel Benitez describes a major shift in the Panama Canal Administration's strategic thinking [J] . PERRY A. TRUNICK World Trade . 2014,第3期

机译：巴拿马运河的新范式：副局长曼努埃尔·贝尼特斯（Manuel Benitez）描述了巴拿马运河管理局战略思想的重大转变
4. The French Attempt to Construct a Canal at Panama [C] . Reuben F. Hull Jr. ASCE global engineering conference . 2014

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5. When the rivers run backwards: Field studies and statistical analyses of campesino identity in northern Cocle province, Republic of Panama, in the face of the Panama Canal expansion. [D] . Muller-Schwarze, Nina K. 2008

机译：当河流倒退时：面对巴拿马运河的扩建，对巴拿马共和国北部科尔省的campesino身份进行了实地研究和统计分析。
6. Questing Amblyomma mixtum and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (Acari: Ixodidae) Infected with Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii from the Natural Environment in Panama Canal Basin Panama [O] . Angélica M. Castro D., Gleidys G. García S., Karla Dzul-Rosado, 2015

机译：从巴拿马巴拿马运河盆地的自然环境中寻求被混合念珠菌和混合性念珠菌（Haariphysalis juxtakochi）感染的念珠菌 Rickettsia amblyommii
7. Field book of birds of the Panama Canal Zone; a description on the habits, call notes and songs of the birds of the Panama Canal Zone, for the purpose of identifying them. Many of these birds are also common in Central and South America. By Bertha Bement Sturgis; with over 100 illustrations, colour plates, pen-and-ink sketches, and a map of the Panama Canal Zone. [O] . Bertha Bement. Sturgis 1928

机译：巴拿马运河区的鸟类现场书;关于识别它们的习惯，呼叫呼叫音符和歌曲的习惯，呼叫笔记和歌曲。这些鸟类中的许多也是中美洲和南美洲的常见。 Bertha Bement Sturgis;超过100个插图，彩色板，笔和墨水草图以及巴拿马运河区的地图。
8. Study of Clay Shale Slopes Along the Panama Canal. Supplemental Report. A Reanalysis of the East Culebra Slide, Panama Canal. [R] . Banks, D. C. 1978

机译：巴拿马运河沿岸粘土页岩边坡研究。补充报告。对巴拿马运河东库莱布拉滑道的再分析。

The French Attempt to Construct a Canal at Panama

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