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GLOBAL RADIOECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION

机译：前苏联核活动的全球放射性生态影响

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摘要

The political changes in the former Soviet Union (FSU) as well as the Chernobyl accident in 1986 have drawn attention to radioactive contamination problems in the FSU. Information that was earlier classified has recently been disclosed. This fact, as well as the rapidly growing scientific co-operation between Russia and industrialized countries, have made it possible to obtain a picture of nuclear activities in the FSU. However, information is still incomplete because of the fact that many of the nuclear activities in the FSU were connected with military activities. The paper describes the main nuclear activities in the FSU which are of global environmental significance. As a measure of the importance of contamination from ~(90)Sr and ~(137)Cs, their global environmental inventories together with the doses received by the world population from these radionuclides have been used. To some extent, information on their input has been available from the FSU, but environmental measurements performed outside the FSU have also been applied in the assessment of the inventories and doses. There is a notable discrepancy between the estimates by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and data from the FSU for global fallout from nuclear weapons testing at Novaya Zemlya. Nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere at this site is, however, the main source of global radioactive contamination from nuclear activities in the FSU. Next in importance is the Chernobyl accident. Compared with these two sources of radioactive contamination, the impact of discharges of radioactive waste into the marine environment is unimportant.
机译：前苏联（FSU）的政治变化以及1986年的切尔诺贝利事故引起了人们对FSU放射性污染问题的关注。最近公开了先前分类的信息。这一事实以及俄罗斯与工业化国家之间迅速发展的科学合作使人们有可能了解前苏联的核活动。但是，由于FSU中的许多核活动与军事活动有关，因此信息仍然不完整。本文介绍了FSU中具有全球环境意义的主要核活动。为了衡量〜（90）Sr和〜（137）Cs的污染的重要性，已使用了它们的全球环境清单以及世界人口从这些放射性核素收到的剂量。在某种程度上，可以从FSU获得有关其输入的信息，但是在FSU外部进行的环境测量也已用于评估清单和剂量。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会的估计数与FSU的数据之间的差异非常明显，该数据来自Novaya Zemlya的核武器试验对全球的影响。但是，在该地点的大气中进行核武器测试是FSU核活动造成的全球放射性污染的主要来源。接下来重要的是切尔诺贝利事故。与这两种放射性污染源相比，放射性废物向海洋环境排放的影响并不重要。

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