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首页> 外文会议>Environmental security assessment and management of obsolete pesticides in Southeast Europe >The History of Organic Arsenical Pesticides and Health Risks Related to the Use of Agent Blue
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The History of Organic Arsenical Pesticides and Health Risks Related to the Use of Agent Blue

机译：有机砷农药的使用历史及与使用兰特剂有关的健康风险

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Arsenicals in agriculture: Beginning in the 1970s, the use of arsenic compounds, such as for wood preservatives, began to grow. By 1980, in the USA, 70 % of arsenic had been consumed for production of wood preservatives. This practice was later stopped, due to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ban of the arsenic-and chromium-based wood preservative chromated copper arsenate. In the past, arsenical herbicides containing cacodylic acid as an active ingredient have been used extensively in the USA from golf courses to cotton fields, drying out the plants before harvesting. The original commercial form of Agent Blue was among ten toxic insecticides, fungicides and herbicides partially deregulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in February 2004, and specific limits on toxic residues in meat, milk, poultry, and eggs were removed. Today, however, they are not used as weed-killers anymore, with one exception of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), a broadleaf weed herbicide for use on cotton. Severe poisonings from cacodylic acid caused headache, dizziness, vomiting, profuse and watery diarrhea, followed by dehydration, gradual fall in blood pressure, stupor, convulsions, general paralysis and possible risk of death within 3-14 days. The relatively frequent use of arsenic and its compounds, in both industry and agriculture, points to a wide spectrum of opportunities for human exposure; this exposure can be via inhalation of airborne arsenic, contaminated drinking water, beverages, or from food and drugs. Today, acute organic arsenical poisonings are mostly accidental. Considerable concern has developed surrounding its delayed effects, for its genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, which has been demonstrated in epidemiological studies and subsequent animal experiments. The Conclusion is that there is substantial epidemiological evidence for an excessive risk, mostly for skin and lung cancer, among humans exposed to organic arsenicals in occupational and environmental settings. Furthermore, the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects have only been observed at relatively high exposure rates. Current epidemiological and experimental studies are trying to elucidate the mechanism of this action, pointing to the question of whether arsenic is actually the true genotoxic or rather an epigenetic carcinogen. Due to the complexity of its effects both options remain plausible. Its interactions with other toxic substances still represent another important field of interest.
机译：农业中的砷：从1970年代开始，砷化合物（例如用于木材防腐剂）的使用开始增长。到1980年，在美国，已经消耗了70％的砷用于生产木材防腐剂。由于美国环境保护署（EPA）禁止使用基于砷和铬的木材防腐剂铬酸砷化铜，该行为后来被制止。过去，在美国，从高尔夫球场到棉花田，含有草酸作为有效成分的砷除草剂已被广泛使用，在收获前将植物干燥。蓝剂的最初商业形式是2004年2月由美国环境保护局（EPA）放松管制的十种有毒杀虫剂，杀真菌剂和除草剂中的一种，并且取消了对肉，奶，禽和蛋中有毒残留物的特定限制。但是，如今，它们不再用作除草剂，除了甲烷ar酸钠（MSMA）（一种用于棉花的阔叶杂草除草剂）例外。 ca草酸中毒严重，可引起头痛，头晕，呕吐，大量腹泻和水泻，随后出现脱水，血压逐渐下降，木僵，抽搐，全身瘫痪，并可能在3-14天内死亡。工业和农业中砷及其化合物的使用相对频繁，这表明人体接触的机会广泛。这种接触可以通过吸入空气中的砷，污染的饮用水，饮料或食品和药物来进行。今天，急性有机砷中毒大多是偶然的。流行病学研究和随后的动物实验已经证明，由于其遗传毒性和致癌潜能，人们对其延缓作用已引起了广泛关注。结论是，有大量的流行病学证据表明，在职业和环境环境中，暴露于有机砷的人中存在过度风险，主要是皮肤和肺癌。此外，仅在相对较高的暴露率下才观察到了遗传毒性和致癌作用。当前的流行病学和实验研究试图阐明这种作用的机理，指出砷实际上是真正的遗传毒性还是表观遗传致癌物。由于其效果的复杂性，这两种选择仍然是合理的。它与其他有毒物质的相互作用仍然代表着另一个重要的领域。

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