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Brief history of fiber optic sensing in the oil field industry

机译：油田行业光纤传感的简史

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The use of fiber optic sensing in the oil and gas industry has greatly expanded over the past two decades. Since the first optical fiber-based pressure sensor was installed in a well in 1993, the industry has sought to use fiber sensing technology to monitor in-well parameters. Through the years, optical fiber sensing has been used in an increasing number of applications as technical advances have opened the door for new measurements. Today, fiber optic sensors are used routinely to measure temperature throughout the wellbore. Optical sensors also provide pressure measurements at key locations within the well. These measurements are used to verify the integrity of the well, provide feedback during well completion operations, including the actuation of downhole valves, and to monitor the production or injection process. Other sensors, such as seismic monitors and fiowmeters, use fiber sensing technology to make in-well measurements. Various optical sensing techniques are used to make these measurements, including Bragg grating, Raman scattering, and coherent Rayleigh scattering. These measurements are made in harsh environments, which require rugged designs for optical cable systems and instrumentation systems. Some of these applications have operating temperatures of 572°F (300℃), and other applications can have pressures in excess of 20,000 psi (1,379 bar). This paper provides a historical perspective on the use of fiber optic sensing in the oil and gas industry from industry firsts to current applications.
机译：在过去的二十年中，光纤传感技术在石油和天然气行业的应用已大大扩展。自从1993年在井中安装了第一台基于光纤的压力传感器以来，业界一直在寻求使用光纤传感技术来监测井内参数。多年来，随着技术的进步为新的测量打开了大门，光纤传感已在越来越多的应用中使用。如今，常规使用光纤传感器来测量整个井眼的温度。光学传感器还提供井内关键位置的压力测量。这些测量用于验证井的完整性，在完井操作（包括井下阀的致动）期间提供反馈，并监视生产或注入过程。其他传感器，例如地震监测仪和流量计，则使用光纤传感技术进行井内测量。使用各种光学传感技术进行这些测量，包括布拉格光栅，拉曼散射和相干瑞利散射。这些测量是在恶劣的环境中进行的，这些环境要求光缆系统和仪器系统的设计坚固。其中一些应用的工作温度为572°F（300℃），其他应用的压力可能超过20,000 psi（1,379 bar）。本文提供了从光纤行业到业界的光纤传感技术在石油和天然气行业中的使用的历史观点。

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