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Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Its Applications

机译：计算认知神经科学及其应用

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A number of tasks that can be effortlessly achieved by humans and other animals have until recently remained seemingly intractable for computers. Striking examples of such tasks exist in the visual and auditory domains. These include recognizing the face of a friend in a photograph; understanding whether a new, never-seen object is a car or an airplane; quickly finding objects or persons of interest like one's child in a crowd; understanding fluent speech while also deciphering the emotional state of the speaker; or reading cursive handwriting. In fact, several of these tasks have become the hallmark of human intelligence, while other, seemingly more complex and more cognitively involved tasks, such as playing checkers or chess, solving differential equations, or proving theorems, have been mastered by machines to a reasonable degree (Samuel, 1959; Newell and Simon, 1972). An everyday demonstration of this state of affairs is the use of simple image, character, or sound recognition in CAPTCHA tests (completely automated public Turing tests to tell computers and humans apart; see von Ahn et al., 2004) used by many websites to ensure that a human, rather than a software robot, is accessing the site. (CAPTCHA tests, for example, are used by websites that provide free e-mail accounts to registered users, and are a simple yet imperfect way to prevent spammers from opening thousands of e-mail accounts using an automated script.)
机译：直到最近，人类和其他动物可以轻松完成的许多任务似乎对于计算机而言仍然是棘手的。在视觉和听觉领域中存在此类任务的引人注目的示例。这些包括识别照片中朋友的脸；了解一个从未见过的新物体是汽车还是飞机；快速在人群中找到自己喜欢的物体或对象；理解流畅的言语，同时也能理解说话者的情绪状态；或阅读草书。实际上，其中一些任务已成为人类智能的标志，而其他看似更复杂且更具认知性的任务（例如下棋或下棋，求解微分方程或证明定理）已被机器熟练地掌握了。学位（塞缪尔，1959年；纽厄尔和西蒙，1972年）。这种情况的日常演示是，许多网站使用CAPTCHA测试（完全自动的公共Turing测试以区分计算机和人类，请参见von Ahn等人，2004）使用简单的图像，字符或声音识别。确保人（而不是软件机器人）正在访问该站点。 （例如，CAPTCHA测试由向注册用户提供免费电子邮件帐户的网站使用，是防止垃圾邮件发送者使用自动脚本打开成千上万个电子邮件帐户的简单但不完善的方法。）

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