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19th and 20th century coastal military installations affected by coastal erosion in the UK

机译：受英国海岸侵蚀影响的19世纪和20世纪沿海军事设施

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At four particular points in the last two centuries, Britain has believed itself to be underrnthe threat of invasion, and has responded by building coastal fortifications, particularly along the southernrnand eastern coasts of England. Perhaps fortunately, they were never subject to any serious test. Sometimes,rnthese defensive works exploited and modified earlier sites of Late Iron Age, 3rd century Roman agernand from the 16th Century Tudor period, all of which lie outside the scope of this paper for reasons ofrnbrevity. In many cases, the defensive works were intended from the outset to be temporary in character,rnand particularly the newer structures are commonly held to be ugly, and as in the public mind they are notrn‘historic’, they have proved to be more at risk from deliberate demolition and land redevelopment thanrnfrom natural processes. The attrition rate since about 1950 from these causes has proved huge. However,rnthe southern and eastern coasts of England are occupied by low-lying coastal marshes related to postglacialrnsea level change, and thus to flooding and erosion; and by ‘soft cliffs’, which are low to mediumrnheight bluffs of weak rocks and strong soils, commonly subject to landslides and with appreciable rates ofrnretreat. The natural processes are thus also responsible for some attrition of these sites and monuments.rnThe paper describes the processes acting at a sample of sites and the nature of the defensive works lostrnor under threat. There are few instances of engineering works to stabilize or conserve these monuments,rnwhich (with the exception perhaps of some of the 19th century examples) are unloved, and their demisernis therefore largely unlamented. Future historians and archaeologists may regret this neglect. The paperrndescribes briefly some examples of stabilization works.
机译：在过去的两个世纪中的四个特定时刻，英国认为自己受到入侵威胁的威胁，并作出了反应，建立了沿海防御工事，特别是在英格兰南部和东部沿海。也许幸运的是，他们从未受到任何严格的考验。有时，这些防御工事利用并修改了晚期铁器时代，3世纪罗马时代和16世纪Tudor时期的早期遗址，出于简洁的原因，所有这些都超出了本文的范围。在很多情况下，防御性工作从一开始就是临时性的，尤其是较新的结构通常被认为是丑陋的，而且在公众看来，它们并不是“历史性的”，事实证明它们更具针对性。故意拆除和土地再开发的风险，而不是自然过程带来的风险。事实证明，自1950年以来，这些原因导致的人员流失率很高。然而，英格兰的南部和东部海岸被与冰川后海平面变化有关的低洼沿海沼泽所占据，从而与洪水和侵蚀有关。以及“软悬崖”，这些悬崖是由低到中等高度的虚弱岩石和坚硬土壤制成的悬崖，通常容易发生滑坡，并且有相当大的退耕率。因此，自然过程也会造成这些遗址和古迹的损耗。本文描述了在一个样本遗址上所起作用的过程，以及在威胁下失去防御力的性质。很少有工程可以稳定或保护这些古迹，而这些古迹（除了某些19世纪的例子除外）是不受人喜爱的，因此，它们的破损也就不多了。未来的历史学家和考古学家可能会对这种疏忽感到遗憾。本文简要介绍了一些稳定工程的例子。

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