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Research on Return Policies in a Three Level Supply Chain

机译：三级供应链中的退货政策研究

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This paper considers several models of a three level supply chain consisting of a supplier, a manufacturer (or distributor) and a retailer facing unknown demand. All three firms need to determine the order quantities from their upstream firms, also the supplier and manufacturer need to set the wholesale price for the downstream firms. In fact, the order quantities are all the same because of information symmetric. We first study the optimal decisions of the three firms in two benchmark scenarios: the decentralized without contracts scenario where the firms seek to maximize their own profits and the centralized scenario where firms seek to maximize the total profits of the channel. Obviously, firms have relatively poor performance in the decentralized case which is well known as double marginalization. Then we consider the scenarios where firms are partially centralized with or without contracts. Finally, we study the scenarios where contracts exist in the decentralized situation. By comparing the scenarios with the benchmark and with each other, we analyze the centralized effect and the contract effect on the channel performance, and discuss the conditions when the channel will achieve full coordination.
机译：本文考虑了三级供应链的几种模型，包括面临未知需求的供应商，制造商（或分销商）和零售商。所有这三个公司都需要确定其上游公司的订单数量，供应商和制造商也需要确定下游公司的批发价格。实际上，由于信息对称，订单数量都相同。我们首先在两个基准情景中研究这三个公司的最优决策：分散式无合约情景，其中企业寻求最大化自己的利润；以及集中式情景，企业中寻求最大化渠道的总利润。显然，在分散的情况下，企业的绩效相对较差，这就是众所周知的双重边缘化。然后，我们考虑有或没有合同的情况下公司部分集中的情况。最后，我们研究了分散情况下合同存在的情况。通过将方案与基准进行相互比较，我们分析了集中效应和合同效应对渠道绩效的影响，并讨论了渠道实现完全协调的条件。

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