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Chapter 1.1 The Need for Standardized Approach for Estimating the Local Site Effects Based on Ambient Noise Recordings

机译:第1.1章需要基于环境噪声记录估算局部场地影响的标准化方法

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Assessing local site effects reliably is one of the crucial aspects of seismic hazard, which usually cause amplification of ground motions and results in increasing the damage potential of a large earthquake. This phenomenon has been recognized for some time (e.g., Milne, 1898; Takahashi and Hirano, 1941; Gutenberg, 1957). The methods used to determine the site response can be categorized into two major groups, the analytical (theoretical) and the empirical methods. The analytical calculation of the site response, mainly based on inversion techniques, requires a very good knowledge of the geotechnical parameters to constrain the results. Empirical methods are somehow more effective in the sense that they are based on calculating the frequency spectrum directly from the recorded ground motion. Among the empirical methods, the spectral ratio of a sedimentary site with respect to a bedrock reference site, usually referred as the standard spectral ratio technique, is a widely used approach (e.g., Borcherdt, 1970; Borcherdt and Gibbs, 1976; Rogers et al., 1984). Effective use of this technique is demonstrated at different sites and geological conditions following large destructive earthquakes (e.g., Singh et al., 1988; Lermo et al., 1988; Borcherdt et al., 1989; Hough et al., 1990). Other methods include H/V spectral ratios (horizontal vs. vertical components) using single-station recordings (Nakamura, 1989; Lermo and Chavez-Garcia, 1993; Field and Jacob, 1993; Lachet and Bard, 1994), and the cross-spectrum estimate (Safak, 1991; Field et al., 1992). There exists a number of review papers discussing the effectiveness of the different methods used in the site response estimate (e.g., Aki, 1988; Chin and Aki, 1991; Hartzell, 1992; Gutierrez and Singh, 1992; Yu et al., 1992; Aki, 1993; Bard, 1994; Atakan, 1995; Field and Jacob, 1995; Kudo, 1995; Mucciarelli et al., 2003; Atakan et al., 2004a). While most of the methods of site effects estimation use earthquake records, few are based on using microtremors. In the following we will focus on the latter, especially the spectral ratio of horizontal to vertical components of ambient noise recordings. From here on we will refer to this technique simply as the H/V method. Other techniques using array measurements of ambient noise will not be treated in this section.
机译:可靠地评估局部影响是地震灾害的关键方面之一,这通常会导致地震动放大并导致大地震的潜在破坏力增加。这种现象已经存在了一段时间(例如Milne,1898; Takahashi and Hirano,1941; Gutenberg,1957)。用于确定站点响应的方法可以分为两大类:分析方法(理论方法)和经验方法。现场响应的分析计算主要基于反演技术,需要非常了解岩土参数以限制结果。在某种程度上,经验方法更有效,因为它们基于直接根据记录的地面运动计算频谱。在经验方法中,沉积位点相对于基岩参考位点的光谱比,通常称为标准光谱比技术,是一种广泛使用的方法(例如,Borcherdt,1970; Borcherdt和Gibbs,1976; Rogers等人) (1984年)。大规模破坏性地震发生后,在不同的地点和地质条件下证明了该技术的有效使用(例如,Singh等人,1988; Lermo等人,1988; Borcherdt等人,1989; Hough等人,1990)。其他方法包括使用单站记录的H / V频谱比(水平分量与垂直分量)(Nakamura,1989; Lermo和Chavez-Garcia,1993; Field和Jacob,1993; Lachet和Bard,1994),以及频谱估计(Safak,1991; Field等,1992)。有许多评论文章讨论了现场响应估计中使用的不同方法的有效性(例如,Aki,1988; Chin和Aki,1991; Hartzell,1992; Gutierrez和Singh,1992; Yu等人,1992; California,1992)。 Aki,1993; Bard,1994; Atakan,1995; Field and Jacob,1995; Kudo,1995; Mucciarelli等,2003; Atakan等,2004a)。尽管大多数场地影响估计方法都使用地震记录,但很少有基于微震的方法。在下文中,我们将重点关注后者,尤其是环境噪声记录的水平分量与垂直分量的频谱比。从这里开始,我们将简称为H / V方法。使用环境噪声的阵列测量的其他技术将不在本节中介绍。

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