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Instruments and Methods to Search for Extraterrestrial Life

机译：寻找外星生命的仪器和方法

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Is Life restricted to the Planet Earth? or Does life exist elsewhere in the Cosmos? The existence of extraterrestrial life is the fundamental question of Astrobiology. Detecting evidence for living organisms beyond our planet is even more difficult than finding fossilized remains of ancient organisms. Microbiological investigations during the past century have established the fundamental physical and chemical requirements and limits for life on Earth. It is now known that life requires only water, a source of energy, and a small suite of biogenic elements under a surprisingly wide range of environmental conditions. The discovery that microbial extremophiles live and grow over a very broad span of temperature, pH, salinity, pressure and radiation levels has greatly enhanced the possibility that life may be present on many bodies of our Solar System. Recent discoveries by Space Missions and Rovers have invalidated many long held paradigms regarding the distribution of water, organic chemicals and the possibility of life elsewhere in the Cosmos. This paper considers the discovery of water, ice and organics on distant planets, moons and comets and evidence for fossil organisms on Mars and in SNC and carbonaceous meteorites. Instruments and methods are considered for spectroscopy and fluorescence of biomolecules (e.g., photosynthetic pigments) for remote detection of conclusive evidence for extraterrestrial life. Optical Video Microscopy is discussed as a direct means for detecting extraterrestrial life using small visible light/UV video microscopes, with ample magnification to record motile bacteria and other living organisms in samples collected by Rovers or Landers. Locomotion of living cells of bacteria and other microbes requires great expenditure of energy and motile cells can be distinguished by video microscopy from the physico-chemical movements (by Brownian Motion, Diffusion or Current Drift) of dead cells, dust particles and abiotic mineral grains.
机译：生命仅限于地球吗？还是宇宙中其他地方存在生命？外星生命的存在是天体生物学的基本问题。与发现古代生物的化石遗骸相比，检测地球以外生物的证据甚至更加困难。在过去的一个世纪中，微生物学研究已经确立了基本的物理和化学要求以及地球生命的极限。现已知道，在令人惊讶的广泛环境条件下，生命只需要水，一种能源和一小套生物元素。微生物极端微生物在很宽的温度，pH，盐度，压力和辐射水平范围内生存和生长的发现大大增加了生命可能存在于我们太阳系的许多物体上的可能性。太空任务团和漫游者的最新发现使关于水，有机化学物质的分布以及宇宙中其他地方的生命可能性的许多长期存在的范例无效。本文考虑了在遥远的行星，卫星和彗星上发现水，冰和有机物的情况，以及在火星，SNC和碳质陨石中发现化石生物的证据。考虑了用于生物分子的光谱学和荧光（例如光合色素）的仪器和方法，用于远程检测外星生命的确凿证据。光学视频显微镜被认为是使用小型可见光/ UV视频显微镜检测地外生命的直接手段，并具有足够的放大倍率以记录Rovers或Landers收集的样品中的活动细菌和其他生物。细菌和其他微生物的活细胞的运动需要大量的能量消耗，而运动显微镜的细胞可以通过视频显微镜与死细胞，灰尘颗粒和非生物矿物颗粒的物理化学运动（通过布朗运动，扩散或电流漂移）区分开。

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