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Pilot performance as a function of display resolution and field of view in a simulated terrain following flight task using a synthetic vision system

机译：使用合成视觉系统在模拟飞行任务后的模拟地形中，飞行员的表现与显示分辨率和视野的函数关系

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The implementation of Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) has posed a number of design questions. One of these questions is centered on the minimum required display resolution of the synthetic vision display. Although a very high resolution display may be desirable from a product appeal point of view or for increased image fidelity, high quality displays may be prohibitively expensive, particularly for general aviation pilots. Also, there may be a marginal rate of return in terms of pilot performance, workload and situation awareness (SA). A second important issue is the field of view used in displaying the synthetic terrain. Smaller fields of view are more conformal with the natural view but appear to offer a smaller amount of navigationally relevant information than do wider fields of view. A large field of view offers the pilot more information, but distorts the image similar to what happens when wide angle lenses are used on cameras. Further, the optimal field of view may differ based on the phase of flight. The Operator Performance Laboratory (OPL) at the University of Iowa conducted an experiment to assess human performance as a function of display resolution and field of view. Licensed instrument pilots flew sixteen approaches in the OPL General Aviation Workstation II (GAWS TOO) flight simulator with varying display options to determine the effect of the displays on flight technical performance. Performance was measured for four display resolutions, ranging from 120 pixels per inch (best) to 80 pixels per inch (worst). Field of view ranged from 22° (conformal) to 90° (greatest minification). Flight technical performance of the pilots was measured using four objective measures: cross track error, lateral track error, runway alignment deviation, and control input. The first three measures provide a relative level of situation awareness, and the last provides a relative level of pilot activity and physical workload. The piloting task involved navigation with sole reference to terrain. No pathway guidance was provided. We want to point out that this study was performed using a fractional factorial design that does not allow statistical evaluation of first or higher order interactions, only main effects could be analyzed with our experimental ma- trix. The following factors were studied: Display resolution (80 ppi, 90 ppi, 105 ppi, 120 pp), field of view (22, 30, 60, 90), texture type (elevation color, photo realistic), DEM resolution (3 arc sec, 30 arc sec), and terrain type (hilly, flat). This line-up of independent variables would require 128 runs. However, we conducted this study using a computer generated D-optimum fractional factorial matrix in 16 runs (1/8th fraction). The results of the investigation suggest that pilot performance is highest and workload is lowest for a display resolution of at least 105 pixels per inch (ppi). Increasing the resolution past 105 ppi appeared to offer little to no additional performance benefit in the configurations flown in our study. The optimal field of view was 60° . During the cruise phases of flight, a 60-90° field of view is optimal, whereas during final approach, a 30-60° field of view is optimal. This paper presents these findings.
机译：综合视觉系统（SVS）的实施提出了许多设计问题。这些问题之一集中在合成视觉显示器所需的最低显示分辨率上。尽管从产品吸引力的角度或为了提高图像保真度可能需要非常高分辨率的显示器，但高质量的显示器可能价格过高，特别是对于通用航空飞行员而言。同样，在飞行员绩效，工作量和态势感知（SA）方面，回报率可能会很小。第二个重要问题是用于显示合成地形的视野。较小的视野与自然视野更加一致，但与较宽的视野相比，似乎提供的导航相关信息量较少。大视野可为飞行员提供更多信息，但会扭曲图像，类似于在相机上使用广角镜时发生的情况。此外，最佳视角可能会根据飞行阶段而有所不同。爱荷华大学的操作员绩效实验室（OPL）进行了一项实验，以评估人的绩效与显示分辨率和视野之间的关系。获得许可的仪器飞行员在OPL通用航空工作站II（GAWS TOO）飞行模拟器中采用了16种进近方式，并采用了不同的显示选项来确定显示器对飞行技术性能的影响。测量了四种显示分辨率的性能，范围从每英寸120像素（最佳）到每英寸80像素（最差）。视场范围从22°（等角）到90°（最大缩小）。飞行员的飞行技术性能是使用四个客观指标进行测量的：交叉航迹误差，横向航迹误差，跑道对准偏差和控制输入。前三项措施提供了相对水平的态势感知，最后三项措施提供了相对水平的飞行员活动和身体工作量。试点任务涉及仅参考地形的导航。没有提供途径指导。我们想指出的是，这项研究是使用分数阶因子设计进行的，该分数阶因子设计不允许对一阶或更高阶相互作用进行统计评估，只有主要的影响可以通过我们的实验矩阵进行分析。研究了以下因素：显示分辨率（80 ppi，90 ppi，105 ppi，120 pp），视场（22、30、60、90），纹理类型（高程颜色，逼真的照片），DEM分辨率（3弧度）秒，30弧秒）和地形类型（丘陵，平坦）。自变量的这种排列将需要128次运行。但是，我们使用计算机生成的D-最优分数阶乘矩阵进行了16次运行（1/8 th 分数）进行了这项研究。调查结果表明，对于至少105像素/英寸（ppi）的显示分辨率，飞行员性能最高，而工作负荷最低。在我们研究的配置中，将分辨率提高到105 ppi以上似乎几乎没有提供附加的性能优势。最佳视场为60°。在飞行巡航阶段，最佳视角为60-90°，而在最后进近过程中，最佳视角为30-60°。本文介绍了这些发现。

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