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Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategies

机译：中国农业面源污染的估算及缓解策略

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Since 1970s, the N and P eutrophication of major Chinese lakes and water systems has been getting worse rapidly (SEPAC, 2000). Investigation revealed that non-point source pollution from agriculture and rural region is the leading source of water pollution (Zhang W L,1995). The contribution of non-point source pollutants from fertilization of crop land, rural animal husbandry and living sewage of transition region between rural and urban area is much greater than that of point-source from wastes of civil domestic and industry in urban area with developed wastewater pipe nets. Since 1980s, the acreage of vegetables, fruits and flowers has been increased by 4.4 times. Due to high profit, it is common using very high rates of N and P fertilizers on these crops. The average fertilizer application rate is 569-2000 kg (pure nutrient ha~(-1) in single crop, about 10 times as that for grain crops. The increasing vegetable area with high fertilizer input is one of the biggest potential problems for eutrophication of water bodies in watersheds. At the same time, animal breeding farmers in rural region intended to be developed in a pattern that certain townships with very high concentration of animal breeding farmers. N and P amount from animal husbandry in such concentrated region has reached very high level, as much as 1721 kg N and 639 kg P2O5 per hectare agricultural land area, far more surpassing the acceptance capacity of soil to these organic nutrients. In almost all of the important watersheds in China, non-point source Nand P-discharge to aquatic ecosystem from animal husbandry is becoming a crucial pollution source. Fast expansion of new city zones without wastewater pipe nets in transition region between rural and urban area makes such zones the main non-point source pollution. The research results also showed: although the non-point source pollution is already serious in the country, the growing influence factors will lead to even worse situation in the early 21 century. The non-point source pollution from agriculture and rural area will become one of the biggest challenges to sustainable development of China.
机译：自1970年代以来，中国主要湖泊和水系的氮和磷富营养化迅速恶化（SEPAC，2000）。调查显示，农业和农村地区的面源污染是水污染的主要来源（Zhang W L，1995）。耕地，农村畜牧业和城乡之间过渡地区生活污水中非点源污染物的贡献远大于城市民用工业废物和发达废水中非点源污染物的贡献管网。自1980年代以来，蔬菜，水果和鲜花的种植面积增加了4.4倍。由于高利润，通常在这些作物上使用很高比例的氮和磷肥料。单一作物的平均肥料施用量为569-2000 kg（纯养分ha〜（-1），约为谷物作物的10倍，高肥料投入的菜地面积增加是该作物富营养化的最大潜在问题之一。同时，农村地区的畜牧业农民打算以一定的模式发展，即某些城镇的畜牧业农民集中度很高，在这种集中地区畜牧业的氮和磷含量已经很高每公顷农业用地的氮素含量高达1721公斤，P2O5含量高达639公斤，远远超过了土壤对这些有机养分的吸收能力。在中国几乎所有重要的流域中，非点源N和P畜牧业的水生生态系统正成为重要的污染源，城乡过渡地区没有废水管网的新城区的快速发展使这种区域是主要的面源污染。研究结果还表明：尽管该国面源污染已经很严重，但日益增长的影响因素将导致21世纪初的情况更加恶化。农业和农村面源污染将成为中国可持续发展的最大挑战之一。

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