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FORAGE-BASED LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH CHINA

机译：华南基于牧草的畜牧业发展

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Most of South China is in humid subtropics, with a considerable climate variation from low altitude to high altitude. The original, natural vegetation in the South is forest, but there has been continuous deforestation in the history of agricultural development. Most of the lands with favorable conditions are now used for crop production while the remote hilly and mountainous area, after forest clearance, have turned into tussock and shrubby tussock vegetation, which are the majority of the natural grassland resource in the region. There are 79.58 ha natural grasslands in the fourteen southern provinces or municipalities, making up 30% of the total area in the region. The conventional agriculture in the South is dominated by grain (mainly rice) and grain-consuming pork production. Such a farming system relies greatly on arable lands and, as a result of increased population, has led to immoderately cultivation and severe soil erosion on steep lands. Facing the challenges of the increasing soil erosion problem and declining grain price, agriculture in the region is being restructured, giving higher priority to forage-livestock production. Most of the grasslands in the South scatter as patches interlaced with crop fields and forests, except some larger area pasturelands on high plateaus and mountains in the Southwest. The native grasslands in the region are of short growing season, low productivity and especially low palatability and nutritive quality. Therefore, pasture improvement with introduced species is necessary for efficient livestock production. With variable climates from south to north and from lowland to high country in the South, various forage grasses and legumes of improved types, tropical or temperate, annual or perennial, can be grown in certain areas. Winter-fallow paddyfields in lowlands provide excellent conditions for cool-season annual forages for example Lolium multiflorum, Vicia spp., and some annual clovers. Mixed pastures of perennial grasses and clovers can be successfully established on highlands. Grassland agricultural systems of different forms can be setup by fitting forages into the existing farming systems such cereal crops, orchard frees and woodlands. The abundant shrubby vegetation in the South provides good browsing for goats if appropriate stocking rates and supplementary feeds from forage crops are used. Improved pastures are not stable in terms of botanical composition and productivity and their sustainability depends greatly on a better ecological understanding and proper management, especially grazing and fertilization regimes.
机译：华南大部分地区处于亚热带湿润地区，从低海拔到高海拔都有很大的气候变化。南方最初的自然植被是森林，但是在农业发展的历史上却一直在持续砍伐森林。现在，大多数条件优越的土地都用于农作物生产，而偏远的丘陵和山区在经过森林砍伐之后变成了丛状和灌木状的丛状植被，这是该地区天然草原资源的绝大部分。南部十四个省或直辖市有79.58公顷的天然草原，占该地区总面积的30％。南部地区的常规农业以谷物（主要是大米）和消耗粮食的猪肉生产为主。这种耕作制度极大地依赖耕地，由于人口增加，导致耕作不当，陡峭土地上土壤严重侵蚀。面对日益严重的水土流失问题和粮食价格下降的挑战，该地区的农业正在进行结构调整，将牧草和畜牧生产列为优先事项。南部的大多数草原散布在与农田和森林交织的斑块上，除了西南高原和高山上的一些较大面积的牧场。该地区的天然草原生长季节短，生产力低，特别是适口性和营养品质低下。因此，引进种的牧场改良对于有效的畜牧生产是必要的。从南部到北部，从南部的低地到高地国家，气候变化不定，某些地区可以种植各种改良型的饲草和豆类，热带或温带，一年生或多年生。低地的冬季休耕稻田为凉爽的一年生牧草提供了极佳的条件，例如多年生黑麦草，野豌豆和一些三叶草。多年生草和三叶草的混合牧场可以在高地上成功建立。可以通过在现有的耕作系统（例如谷类作物，无果园和林地）中安装牧草来建立不同形式的草原农业系统。如果使用适当的放养率和饲草作物的补充饲料，南部丰富的灌木林将为山羊提供良好的浏览条件。改良后的牧场在植物组成和生产力方面不稳定，其可持续性在很大程度上取决于对生态学的更好理解和适当的管理，特别是放牧和施肥制度。

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