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首页> 外文会议>International conference on nuclear security: enhancing global efforts >Enhancing Nuclear Security by Increasing the Synergies Between Combating Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear Materials and Controlling Strategic Trade of Dual-Use Items Related to Nuclear Weapons and Other Nuclear Explosives Activities
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Enhancing Nuclear Security by Increasing the Synergies Between Combating Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear Materials and Controlling Strategic Trade of Dual-Use Items Related to Nuclear Weapons and Other Nuclear Explosives Activities

机译：通过加强打击非法贩运核材料与控制与核武器及其他核炸药活动有关的两用物品的战略贸易之间的协同作用，加强核安保

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To enhance the nuclear security worldwide and reduce the proliferation risks of weapons ofrnmass destruction, there are multiple barriers, i.e. several lines of defence. This is true both w.r.t. the nuclearrnmaterials and the corresponding technologies to produce, handle and process these nuclear materials. The firstrnline of defence, called prevention, focuses on minimizing the occurrence of threats. The second line of defencernfocuses on detecting an event whenever the first line of defence has failed. The third line of defence is thernprosecution, penalization etc..which should allow to identify the origin/source etc such that the first line ofrndefence can be strengthened (including the deterrence effect).rnThe two topics of strategic trade control of nuclear and nuclear related dual-use items and of combating illicitrntrafficking of nuclear materials are traditionally handled separately, focusing on different involved parties,rnstakeholders, response measures etc. Although the grounds for such separate approaches should be recognized,rnsynergies between these two areas exist and should be explored, not only out of academic interest but also tornhighlight direct practical benefits for the strengthening of the implementation. The paper will illustrate this fromrndifferent perspectives. Firstly it will focus on the political and legal framework : international commitments andrnlegislation. Secondly, it will explore the nature of legitimate trade and illegal trafficking in both areas. Finally, itrnwill intend to analyse the role of the responsible authorities, directly involved users or stakeholders and inrnparticular enforcement bodies and prosecution.rnThis analysis will show areas of potential synergies at all three levels of control systems: licensing, enforcementrnand sanctions. The paper argues that a joint assessment and addressing of strategic trade control and combatingrnillicit trafficking allows to reinforce the different lines of defence and the cross-fertilisation can give rise to newrnapproaches : one example is the proposal to develop an international export control violations database (inspiredrnon the existing ITDB : Illicit Trafficking Database, held by IAEA). Another example is the intercomparison andrnpotential mutual strengthening of “international compliance programmes” and “nuclear material accounting andrncontrol” by analyzing the concepts of “inspections”, “certification” and other awareness systems, etc… Also inrnthe area of use of open sources to assess and analyse risks and/or the detection of clandestine activities there canrnbe common ground between the disciplines. These and other aspects are elaborated in the paper.rnThe latter will conclude with a proposal for a scheme on how and at which level the implementation of the tworndisciplines, strategic trade control and combating illicit trafficking, could be practically integrated in some of thernareas legal (including conventions or international guidelines), licensing, detection, response and prosecution.
机译：为了增强全世界的核安全并减少大规模毁灭性武器扩散的危险，存在多重障碍，即多道防线。这都是真的。核材料以及生产，处理和加工这些核材料的相应技术。防御的第一道防线是预防，其重点是最大程度地减少威胁的发生。第二道防线的重点是每当第一道防线失败时就检测事件。第三道防线是起诉，处罚等，应允许识别来源/来源等，以便加强第一道防线（包括威慑作用）。核与核相关战略贸易控制的两个主题传统上，双重用途物品和打击核材料非法贩运是分开处理的，着眼于不同的当事方，利益相关者，应对措施等。尽管应认识到采取这种单独做法的理由，但在这两个领域之间存在协同作用，应当加以探讨，不仅出于学术兴趣，而且为了加强实施而直接突出实际利益。本文将从不同角度说明这一点。首先，它将侧重于政治和法律框架：国际承诺和立法。第二，它将探讨这两个领域的合法贸易和非法贩运的性质。最后，它将打算分析负责当局，直接涉及用户或利益相关者以及非特定执法机构和起诉机构的作用。该分析将显示在控制系统的所有三个级别上可能产生协同作用的领域：许可，执法和制裁。该论文认为，对战略贸易控制和打击非法贩运的联合评估和解决方案可以加强不同的防线，而交叉受精则可能引起新的方法：一个例子是关于建立国际出口管制违规数据库的建议（inspiredrnon现有的ITDB：原子能机构持有的非法贩运数据库）。另一个例子是通过分析“检查”，“认证”和其他意识体系等概念，实现“国际合规计划”和“核材料核算和控制”之间的比对和相互潜在加强……还涉及使用开源进行评估的领域并分析风险和/或发现秘密活动，这在各学科之间可能是有共同点的。这些和其他方面在本文中进行了详细说明。后者将以一个方案的建议结束，该方案关于如何以及在何种水平上将两种学科的实施，战略性贸易控制和打击非法贩运的实施切实纳入某些法律领域（包括公约或国际准则），许可，侦查，回应和起诉。

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