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首页> 外文会议>International Soil Conservation Organization Conference vol.1; 20020526-31; Beijing(CN) >Environmental Impact of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation in Moghaan (Northern) and Behbahaan (Southern) Regions of Iran: an Observatory Report from Tokten-Undp Mission to Iran
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Environmental Impact of Soil Erosion and Land Degradation in Moghaan (Northern) and Behbahaan (Southern) Regions of Iran: an Observatory Report from Tokten-Undp Mission to Iran

机译：伊朗莫干（北部）和Behbahaan（南部）地区土壤侵蚀和土地退化的环境影响：托克滕-恩德普特派团（伊朗）的观察报告

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摘要

Agricultural development and improvement plays a major role in the overall economic development of Iran. The contribution from the agricultural sector towards the gross national product and supply of food and fiber is substantial. About 51 percent of Iran's 165 million hectares (ha) are made up of mountains, lakes, desert lands and towns, 11 percent are cultivated or fallow, 7 percent are forest, and 31 percent are marginal or rangeland. Only about fourth of the geographic area is potentially suitable for agricultural production, but in many areas rainfall is inadequate to permit cultivation without irrigation. Furthermore, the range of natural conditions creates differing agro-ecological zones and a wide variety of farming systems (UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Project, 1993). Iran has a history of irrigation extending back over several thousand years. In addition to major rivers such as 'Arras River', water for irrigation is supplied by "Ghanat", a way of conveying water from the mountain aquifers to villages as well as in some cities. In term of the water resources Iran has the highest per capita water availability in the Middle East ( 2150m~3 per capita against the average for the region of 950m~3). Resources are, however, not evenly spread, and only ten percent of the country has enough water for agriculture, and there is growing competition from municipal and industrial use around large towns (UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Project, 1993). In this respect the conservation and proper management of Soil and Water resources becomes crucial in the development and the sustainability of the agricultural production in Iran. Climatic conditions in the subproject areas vary from semi-arid in Behbahaan and Moghaan with average rainfalls of around 300mm, to sub-humid in Tajan, with an average annual rainfall of around 650mm. Annual evapotranspiration is 2,234mm in Behbahaan, 827mm in Moghaan, 1,184mm in Zarrineh Roud, and 838mm in Tajan (UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Project, 1993). Soils in these regions are of alluvial origin with textures that vary from silt loam to clay loam. Soils in Moghaan are mainly class Ⅰ, those of Behbahaan are class Ⅱ (UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Proj., 1993). In terms of fertility, Moghaan has the best soils while Behbahaan has relatively the least fertile soils (UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Proj., 1993). The agricultural development in Moghaan as well as in Behbahaan regions have brought into focus several problems such as over-exploitation of soil and water resources. Accelerated soil erosion due to lack of protection and excessive grazing by livestock in these areas have created alarming conditions. In this report the problem of soil erosion and the environmental impact of the erosion related to the irrigation projects in Moghaan and Behbahaan regions is discussed. Appropriate solution is suggested following each problem identification.
机译：农业发展和改善在伊朗的总体经济发展中起着重要作用。农业部门对国民生产总值以及粮食和纤维供应的贡献很大。伊朗1.65亿公顷（公顷）的土地中，约有51％由山脉，湖泊，荒漠土地和城镇组成，其中11％为耕种或休耕地，7％为森林，31％为边缘或牧场。只有大约四分之一的地理区域可能适合农业生产，但是在许多地区，降雨不足以允许无需灌溉就可以耕种。此外，自然条件的范围造成了不同的农业生态区和各种各样的耕作制度（UNDP-Irigrigation Improvement Project，1993）。伊朗的灌溉历史可以追溯到数千年前。除了诸如“阿拉斯河”（Arras River）之类的主要河流外，“加纳特”（Ghanat）还提供灌溉用水，这是一种将水从山区含水层输送到村庄以及某些城市的方法。在水资源方面，伊朗是中东地区人均可用水量最高的国家（人均用水量为2150m〜3，而该地区的人均用水量为950m〜3）。但是，资源分布不均，全国只有百分之十的土地有足够的农业用水，而且大城镇周围市政和工业用途的竞争日益加剧（联合国开发计划署灌溉改善项目，1993年）。在这方面，水土资源的保护和适当管理对于伊朗农业生产的发展和可持续性至关重要。该子项目区的气候条件各异，从Behbahaan和Moghaan的半干旱地区，平均降雨量约为300mm，到Tajan的半湿润地区，年平均降雨量约为650mm。 Behbahaan的年蒸散量是2234mm，Moghaan的年蒸散量是827mm，Zarrineh Roud的蒸散量是1184mm，Tajan的蒸散量是838mm（UNDP-Irigrigation Improvement Project，1993）。这些地区的土壤都是冲积性土壤，质地从淤泥壤土到黏土壤土都不同。 Moghaan的土壤主要是Ⅰ类，Behbahaan的土壤是Ⅱ类（UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Proj。，1993）。在肥力方面，Moghaan的土壤最好，而Behbahaan的肥沃的土壤最少（UNDP-Irrigation Improvement Proj。，1993）。 Moghaan以及Behbahaan地区的农业发展已经引起了人们的关注，例如土壤和水资源的过度开发。这些地区由于缺乏保护和牲畜过度放牧而加速了土壤侵蚀，创造了令人震惊的状况。在本报告中，讨论了与Moghaan和Behbahaan地区的灌溉工程有关的土壤侵蚀问题和侵蚀对环境的影响。在每个问题识别之后，建议适当的解决方案。

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