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Aldehydes in the Urban Environment

机译：城市环境中的醛

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The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 included a section devoted to the reduction of mobilernsource emissions through fuel reformulation in which the oxygen content of fuel is increased byrnadding compounds containing oxygen, termed oxygenates. Oxygenates used in oxygenated fuelrn(“oxyfbel”) include methyl tert-butyl ether‘ (MTBE) and ethanol. The resulting fuel shouldrndecrease the ozone-forming hydrocarbons and total air toxics. However, adding oxygenates torngasoline can increase the emissions of aldehydes and thus increase human exposure to these toxicrncompounds. The main objective of this work is to compare measured aldehyde exposures forrnpeople living in two urban areas to estimated aldehyde exposures calculated using exposurernmodels.rnSelected aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde,rncrotonaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal),VOCs (ethanol, MTBE, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,rnxylenes), and carbon monoxide (CO) were collected during periods of defined activity (scripts) inrnorder to characterize the pollutants present in certain microenvironments. Two urban areas werernchosen for the study. Sacramento, CAY was selected because of its use of MTBE, andrnMilwaukee, WI, was selected because of its use of ethanol. A total of 15 scripted monitoringrnperiods were conducted that covered 18 microevironments in Sacramento, CA during August andrnSeptember, 1999. Microenvironments sampled included various indoor and outdoor locations.rnFormaldehyde concentrations were lower in outdoor locations than in indoor locations; valuesrnranged fiom 5.3 μg/m~3 in parwgolf course to 27 μg/m~3 in a store. Acetaldehyde concentrationsrnfollowed a similar trend with values ranging from 3.2 μg/m~3 in an outdoor location to 78 μg/m~3rnin a restaurant. A preliminary step-wise linear regression of the data was performed to identifyrnthe best predictors of the measured value and the regression coefficients that reflect the typicalrnincrease in the measured value when the predictor variable is applied. In addition, the use ofrnGlobal Positioning System (GPS) monitors was useful to track sample collection locationsrnrelative to the city and fixed site monitors.
机译：1990年的《清洁空气法修正案》中有一部分专门致力于通过重新制定燃料来减少流动源排放，其中通过掺入含氧化合物（称为含氧化合物）来增加燃料中的氧气含量。含氧燃料（“ oxyfbel”）中使用的含氧化合物包括甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）和乙醇。产生的燃料应减少形成臭氧的碳氢化合物和总的空气有毒物质。但是，添加汽油中的含氧化合物会增加醛类的排放，从而增加人体对这些有毒化合物的暴露。这项工作的主要目的是将测得的居住在两个城市地区的醛暴露量与使用暴露模型计算出的估计醛暴露量进行比较。 MTBE，苯，甲苯，乙苯，二甲苯和一氧化碳（CO）在定义的活动（脚本）时间内收集，以表征某些微环境中存在的污染物。选择了两个市区进行研究。选择CAY州的萨克拉曼多是因为使用了MTBE，而选择了威斯康星州密尔沃基市是因为使用了乙醇。在1999年8月至1999年9月期间，共进行了15个脚本监视期，涵盖了加利福尼亚州萨克拉曼多的18个微环境。采样的微环境包括室内和室外的各种场所。室外的甲醛浓度低于室内。零售店中的值在5.3μg/ m〜3的范围内调整为27μg/ m〜3。乙醛浓度也有类似趋势，室外场所的浓度为3.2μg/ m〜3，而餐厅的浓度为78μg/ m〜3。进行了数据的初步逐步线性回归，以确定测量值的最佳预测值，以及反映出应用预测变量时测量值通常增加的回归系数。此外，使用全球定位系统（GPS）监视器对于跟踪相对于城市和固定站点监视器的样本收集位置很有用。

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