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Meeting Radiation Protection Requirements and Reducing Spacecraft Mass - A Multifunctional Materials Approach

机译：满足辐射防护要求并减少航天器质量-一种多功能材料方法

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Both crew and radio-sensitive systems, especially electronics, must be protected from the effects of the space radiation environment. One method of mitigating this radiation exposure is to use passive-shielding materials. In previous vehicle designs such as the International Space Station (ISS), materials such as aluminum and polyethylene have been used as parasitic shielding to protect crew and electronics from exposure, but these designs add mass and decrease the amount of usable volume inside the vehicle. Thus, it is of interest to understand whether structural materials can also be designed to provide the radiation shielding capability needed for crew and electronics, while still providing weight savings and increased useable volume when compared against previous vehicle shielding designs. In this paper, we present calculations and analysis using the HZETRN (deterministic), FLUKA (Monte Carlo), and Geant4 (Monte Carlo) codes to investigate the radiation mitigation properties of these structural shielding materials, which includes graded-Z and composite materials. This work is also a follow-on to an earlier paper, that compared computational results for three radiation transport codes, HZETRN, HETC, and FLUKA, using the Feb. 19S6 solar particle event (SPE) spectrum. In the following analysis, we consider the October 1989 Ground Level Enhanced (GLE) SPE as the input source term based on the Band function fitting method. Using HZETRN, FLUKA, and Geant4, parametric absorbed doses at the center of a hemispherical structure on the lunar surface are calculated for various thicknesses of graded-Z layups and an all-aluminum structure. HZETRN, FLUKA, and Geant4 calculations are compared and are in reasonable (18% to 27%) agreement. All codes are in agreement with respect to the predicted shielding material performance trends. The results from each of the codes are analyzed and the radiation protection properties and potential weight savings of various materials and materials lay-ups are compared.
机译：必须保护机组人员和对辐射敏感的系统，尤其是电子设备，不受空间辐射环境的影响。减轻这种辐射暴露的一种方法是使用无源屏蔽材料。在诸如国际空间站（ISS）之类的以前的车辆设计中，铝和聚乙烯等材料已被用作寄生屏蔽，以保护机组人员和电子设备免于暴露，但是这些设计增加了质量并减少了车辆内部的可用体积。因此，令人感兴趣的是要了解与先前的车辆屏蔽设计相比，结构材料是否还可以设计成提供乘务员和电子设备所需的辐射屏蔽能力，同时仍提供重量减轻和增加的可用体积。在本文中，我们使用HZETRN（确定性），FLUKA（蒙特卡洛）和Geant4（蒙特卡洛）代码进行计算和分析，以研究这些结构屏蔽材料的辐射缓和特性，其中包括Z级和复合材料。这项工作也是早期论文的后续工作，该论文使用2月19S6日太阳粒子事件（SPE）光谱比较了三个辐射传输代码HZETRN，HETC和FLUKA的计算结果。在下面的分析中，我们基于频带函数拟合方法，将1989年10月的地面增强（GLE）SPE作为输入源项。使用HZETRN，FLUKA和Geant4，针对渐变Z层和全铝结构的各种厚度，计算了月球表面半球结构中心的参数吸收剂量。比较了HZETRN，FLUKA和Geant4的计算结果，并达成了合理的（18％至27％）协议。所有代码都与预期的屏蔽材料性能趋势一致。分析每个代码的结果，并比较各种材料和材料铺层的辐射防护性能和潜在的重量节省。

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