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Maglev Launch: Development of an International Facility for Ultra Low Cost/Ultra Volume Access to Space

机译：磁悬浮发射：开发超低成本/超大空间航天国际设施

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Launching payloads into space using rockets costs -$10,000 per kg, despite intense efforts to reduce it. Unless costs are greatly reduced, large scale exploration and commercial development of space will not occur. The recent cancellation of NASA's Constellation program confirms this reality. Superconducting Maglev launch, a completely new approach for ultra low cost access to space, launches cargo spacecraft to orbital speeds in an evacuated tunnel on the surface of Earth. The Maglev technology is similar to that operating in Japan for high speed passenger transport. Maglev vehicles are magnetically levitated and propelled along a guideway and could reach speeds of 18,000 mph or more at an electric energy cost of less than $1 per kg of payload. Two Maglev launch systems are described. The near term Gen-1 system launches cargo, and the long term Gen-2 system launches humans and cargo. The levitated Gen-1 cargo craft are magnetically accelerated at 30 g in a 110 km long evacuated tunnel located on high altitude terrain. A mechanical shutter at the exit end of the tunnel opens during the -30 seconds of the launch process, while the "MHD window" at the tunnel exit keeps the air inflow to the evacuated tunnel to a small trickle. The exiting Gen-1 cargo craft then ascends through the remaining atmosphere to space. A small rocket burn, AV -0.5 km/sec, establishes its orbit. The Gen-1 reference design launches a 40 ton, 2 meter diameter cargo craft with 35 tons of payload. At 12 launches per day, a single Gen-1 facility could launch 150,000 tons of cargo annually. Based on present costs for superconductor, tunneling, cryogenic equipment and materials, the projected construction cost for the Gen-1 facility is -20 billion dollars. Amortization cost, plus cargo craft and O&M costs, total 43 dollars per kg of payload launched. No technology breakthroughs are required. The Gen-1 excavation volume is only l/8th of that in the existing Chunnel. Atmospheric heating rates and deceleration forces on the ascending cargo craft are comparable to existing re-entry vehicles. Moreover, Gen-1 cargo craft can carry large amounts of fluids for transpiration cooling. Gen-1 cargo craft acceleration is powered by stored electrical energy in modular superconducting loops using commercially available materials and equipment. There is extensive technology on MHD generators for the "MHD window" system. Benefits of Maglev launch include space solar power satellites beaming electric power to Earth, more detailed environmental monitoring from satellites, improved world-wide communications, robust defense against asteroid and comet threats and a much enhanced capability to explore the Solar System. A Gen-1 facility could operate by 2020. The Gen-2 system for humans and cargo requires magnetically levitating a launch tube to a higher altitude to reduce atmospheric heating and deceleration forces on the launched spacecraft. It is technically much more challenging than the Gen-1 and could operate by 2030 to 2040.
机译：使用火箭将有效载荷发射到太空的成本为每公斤10,000美元，尽管人们为减少这一目标做出了巨大努力。除非大大降低成本，否则将不会进行大规模的太空探索和商业开发。最近取消的NASA星座计划证实了这一现实。超导磁悬浮发射是一种用于超低成本进入太空的全新方法，它将载物航天器以在轨道上空空的隧道中的轨道速度发射。磁悬浮技术类似于日本用于高速客运的技术。磁悬浮车辆沿轨道磁悬浮并推进，可以达到18,000 mph或更高的速度，每千克有效载荷的电能成本不到1美元。描述了两个磁悬浮发射系统。近期的Gen-1系统发射货物，而长期的Gen-2系统则发射人员和货物。悬浮的Gen-1货船在高海拔地区的110公里长的疏散隧道中以30 g的速度进行了磁加速。在发射过程的-30秒内，隧道出口端的机械百叶窗会打开，而隧道出口处的“ MHD窗口”则会使流入疏散隧道的空气保持细流。然后，离开的第1代货运飞船通过剩余的大气层上升到太空。 AV-0.5 km / sec的小火箭燃烧建立了轨道。 Gen-1参考设计发射了载重35吨的40吨，直径2米的货船。每天进行12次发射，单个Gen-1设施每年就可以发射15万吨货物。根据目前的超导体，隧道，低温设备和材料成本，Gen-1设施的预计建设成本为200亿美元。摊销成本，加上货船成本和运维成本，合计每发射一公斤有效载荷43美元。无需技术突破。 Gen-1的开挖量仅为现有Chunnel的开挖量的1/8。上升的货船上的大气加热速率和减速力与现有的再入飞行器相当。此外，Gen-1货船可以携带大量的液体用于蒸腾冷却。第1代货船加速通过使用市售材料和设备的模块化超导回路中存储的电能提供动力。用于“ MHD窗口”系统的MHD生成器具有广泛的技术。磁悬浮发射的好处包括将太阳能传给地球的太空太阳能卫星，更详细的卫星环境监测，改善的全球通讯，对小行星和彗星威胁的强大防御以及探索太阳系的能力大大增强。第1代设施可以在2020年之前运行。用于人类和货物的第2代系统需要将发射管磁悬浮到更高的高度，以减少发射的航天器上的大气加热和减速力。从技术上讲，它比Gen-1更具挑战性，并且可以在2030年至2040年之前运行。

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