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首页> 外文会议>INMM annual meeting >SAFEGUARDS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
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SAFEGUARDS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

机译：不断变化的环境中的安全措施

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Safeguards have evolved substantially over time, reflecting changes in the technical and political environment in which they operate. Key influences have included the extent and scope of nuclear programs under safeguards, the kind of proliferation challenges that have arisen, and state expectations. Safeguards originated with inspections by nuclear suppliers on a bilateral basis, applied to transferred materials and items – hence ‘item-specific’. Following the establishment of the IAEA in 1957, safeguards were gradually multilateralised – and with the NPT, were extended beyond transferred items to cover the entire nuclear program of non-nuclear-weapon states (‘comprehensive’ safeguards). Comprehensive safeguards represented a change of fundamental importance, since they bring the responsibility of verifying the absence of undeclared nuclear materials and activities. From the early 1990s it has been seen that the main contemporary proliferation risk lies not with mainstream nuclear programs but with undeclared nuclear activities. The challenge of detecting these has prompted a major overhaul of safeguards – including greater use of information, a broadening of verification activity, and the drawing of more qualitative conclusions. Especially important has been the move to a state-level approach, taking account of state-specific factors, under which safeguards effort can be prioritised to areas of higher proliferation risk. This paper outlines the evolution of safeguards to date and suggests some directions for the future.
机译：保障措施随着时间的推移已经有了实质性的发展，反映了保障措施所处的技术和政治环境的变化。关键影响包括在保障措施下的核计划的范围和范围，已经出现的扩散挑战的种类以及国家的期望。 保障措施是由核供应商在双边基础上进行的检查而来的，适用于所转移的材料和物品，因此是“特定于项目”的。在1957年国际原子能机构成立之后，保障措施逐渐多边化-随着《不扩散核武器条约》的实施，保障范围已从转让的项目扩展到涵盖无核武器国家的整个核计划（“全面”保障措施）。全面保障措施具有根本重要性的变化，因为它们带来了核查是否存在未申报的核材料和核活动的责任。 从1990年代初开始，人们就发现当代的主要扩散风险不是主流核计划，而是未申报的核活动。发现这些挑战的挑战促使对安全措施进行了全面改革，包括更多地利用信息，扩大核查活动以及得出更定性的结论。尤其重要的是，考虑到特定于州的因素，转向州一级的方法，在这种方法下，可以将保障工作放在具有较高扩散风险的领域中。 本文概述了迄今为止保障措施的发展，并提出了未来的一些方向。

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