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EMERGING SYSTEMS FOR SPACE ACCESS AND UTILIZATION

机译：新兴的空间访问和利用系统

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Space access in the 21st Century is no longer framed by the dominance of two industrial and militarysuperpowers as in the last century. Previous work by the authors examined modern space capability in this post twopowerlandscape by analyzing the flight rates and payloads of operational launch systems over a 5 year period (2005-2009). The result of this work showed almost equal competition between the U.S., the former Soviet Union, and athird group consisting of nascent space powers including Europe, China, Japan, and India. The present work nowaugments and elaborates upon the global nature of space access by surveying emerging systems and infrastructure, toinclude new launch vehicles, new or upgraded launch facilities, and published space exploration plans, and spacebasedassets such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Suborbital flight capability is not included here in order tofocus essentially on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and beyond-LEO space efforts including exploration-oriented goals andcapabilities. According to the Space Report 2009, this business enterprise called space has been determined to be anapproximately $262-billion economy.As in the previous paper, special attention is given to cases where government agencies are making use ofcollaboration and cooperation with other countries to further their civil space agenda. Trends towards transnationaland cross-border sharing of space related resources, either launch sites or launcher stages or key elements, isexamined. The study thus observes the near-term progress in the context of longer term space agency goals aspresented in the respective space plans of various government agencies and commercial entities. Certain themesemerged upon examining the twenty-plus national space agency plans of countries in the Americas, Europe, andAsia. While some nations utilize space predominantly for earth resources monitoring and management, others aim toextend their reach to well beyond LEO for space science and exploration, with a select few demonstrating crediblesteps towards an indigenously developed human space flight program. The future landscape of space access andutilization is discussed given the likelihood of success of these emerging players based upon using historical data onlaunch system development success rates and timelines. In aggregating the information mentioned above, this worksummarizes the significant trends in space flight for LEO and beyond based on the publicly available information asof early 2011.
机译：21世纪的太空访问不再受两个工业和军事领域的主导 像上个世纪那样的超级大国。作者的先前工作研究了后两种能力中的现代太空能力 通过分析5年期间（2005- 2009）。这项工作的结果表明，美国，前苏联和 第三类是由新兴的太空大国组成，包括欧洲，中国，日本和印度。现在的工作 通过对新兴系统和基础设施进行调查，扩大并阐述了空间利用的全球性， 包括新的运载工具，新的或升级的运载工具，以及已发布的太空探索计划，以及 全球定位系统（GPS）等资产。为了达到以下目的，此处不包括亚轨道飞行能力 主要专注于低地球轨道（LEO）和LEO以外的太空工作，包括以探索为目标的目标和 能力。根据《 2009年太空报告》，这家被称为太空的商业公司已被确定为 约2620亿美元的经济价值。 如前文所述，特别注意政府机构利用 与其他国家的合作与合作，以进一步推进其民用空间议程。跨国趋势 跨空间共享与空间有关的资源（发射场或发射台或关键要素）是 检查。因此，该研究在长期航天机构目标的背景下观察了近期进展，因为 呈现在各个政府机构和商业实体各自的空间计划中。某些主题 在审查了美洲，欧洲和其他国家/地区的二十多个国家航天局计划后得出 亚洲。尽管有些国家主要将空间用于地球资源的监视和管理，但其他一些国家的目的是 他们的研究范围扩展到了LEO以外的空间科学和探索领域，其中有少数人证明了这一点是可信的 迈向本土开发的人类太空飞行计划的步骤。未来空间使用和发展的前景 鉴于这些新兴市场参与者使用历史数据进行了成功的可能性的讨论，因此对资源利用率进行了讨论。 启动系统开发成功率和时间表。在汇总上述信息时，这项工作 根据公众可获得的信息，总结了LEO及其以后太空飞行的重大趋势，如下所示： 2011年初。

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