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Using Technical Performance Measures

机译：使用技术绩效指标

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All programs have requirements. For these requirements to be met, there must be a means of measurement. A Technical Performance Measure (TPM) is defined to produce a measured quantity that can be compared to the requirement. In practice, the TPM is often expressed as a maximum or minimum and a goal. Example TPMs for a rocket program are: vacuum or sea level specific impulse (Isp), weight, reliability (often expressed as a failure rate), schedule, operability (turn-around time), design and development cost, production cost, and operating cost. Program status is evaluated by comparing the TPMs against specified values of the requirements. During the program many design decisions are made and most of them affect some or all of the TPMs. Often, the same design decision changes some TPMs favorably while affecting other TPMs unfavorably. The problem then becomes how to compare the effects of a design decision on different TPMs. How much failure rate is one second of specific impulse worth? How many days of schedule is one pound of weight worth? In other words, how to compare dissimilar quantities in order to trade and manage the TPMs to meet all requirements. One method that has been used successfully and has a mathematical basis is Utility Analysis.Utility Analysis enables quantitative comparison among dissimilar attributes. It uses a mathematical model that maps decision maker preferences over the tradeable range of each attribute. It is capable of modeling both independent and dependent attributes. Utility Analysis is well supported in the literature on Decision Theory. It has been used at Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne for internal programs and for contracted work such as the J-2X rocket engine program.This paper describes the construction of TPMs and describes Utility Analysis. It then discusses the use of TPMs in design trades and to manage margin during a program using Utility Analysis.
机译：所有程序都有要求。为了满足这些要求，必须有一种测量手段。定义了技术性能度量（TPM）以产生可以与需求进行比较的测量数量。在实践中，TPM通常表示为最大或最小目标。火箭程序的示例TPM为：特定于真空或海平面的脉冲（Isp），重量，可靠性（通常表示为失效率），进度，可操作性（周转时间），设计和开发成本，生产成本以及运行成本成本。通过将TPM与需求的指定值进行比较来评估程序状态。在程序执行过程中，会做出许多设计决策，其中大多数会影响一些或所有TPM。通常，同一设计决策会有利地更改某些TPM，而不利地影响其他TPM。然后，问题就变成了如何比较设计决策对不同TPM的影响。一秒钟的特定脉冲值多少故障率？一磅重量多少天的时间表？换句话说，如何比较不同数量以进行交易和管理TPM以满足所有要求。效用分析是一种已成功使用并具有数学基础的方法。效用分析可对不同属性进行定量比较。它使用数学模型在每个属性的可交易范围内映射决策者的偏好。它能够对独立属性和相关属性进行建模。决策理论的文献充分支持了效用分析。它已在Pratt＆Whitney Rocketdyne上用于内部程序和诸如J-2X火箭发动机程序之类的合同工作。本文描述了TPM的构造并描述了效用分析。然后，它讨论了TPM在设计行业中的使用以及在使用Utility Analysis的程序中管理保证金的方法。

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