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Aeronautical approach and support to Mars Exploration

机译：航空方法和对火星探测的支持

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Traveling to Mars with a human crew poses challenges exceeding those facing the Apollo astronauts in terms of time, equipment and threatening environment. One problem is that access to Mars/Earth windows of travel are one to three years apart, not almost daily as for Apollo. When accessible, the round trip travel time for a chemical powered spacecraft is about 990 days, including a 480 day surface stay, whereas for the nuclear powered spacecraft assumed here only 370 days, including a 41 day surface stay. The former could very well doom the human crew because of the space radiation dose absorbed during the transits. Fast transit enabled by nuclear propulsion and radiation are thus strongly connected. Earth departure and arrival is not the surface of the Earth, but via rendezvous in low Earth orbit with an ISS. Before astronauts depart for the Martian surface there should be a one or more-cargo craft that precedes the astronauts with life support materials to the surface as well as reconnaissance vehicles and scientific materials that are to remain on the surface. Ballistic entry into a randomly variable, unmeasured atmosphere results in imprecise landing points. For a single vehicle an uncertainty of tens of kilometers is not critical. For a human crew, with their transportation and survival resources lying kilometers from their landing site this is unacceptable, since long walks are not possible in current space suit concepts. An unmanned Mars orbiter cannot determine its precise location with respect to the planet. When the crewed spacecraft arrives it is vital that they establish the orbital parameters and their location with respect to geological features. Even then experience with the Soyuz capsule demonstrates how imprecise an Earth re-entry and landing location can be. Here we are recommending instead a modest L/D maneuvering cargo glider based on the Russian "Kliper" concept to assure landing within a hundred meters of each spacecraft. The crewed glider is based on the high L/D, inherently stable USAF FDL-7C/D derived glider. An exploration vehicle powered by in situ manufactured CO2 and silane can explore the Martian surface much faster and efficiently than with rovers or rocket-powered 'hoppers'.
机译：在时间，设备和威胁环境方面，与人员一起前往火星带来的挑战超过了阿波罗宇航员所面临的挑战。一个问题是，进入火星/地球旅行窗口的时间间隔为一到三年，而不是像阿波罗那样几乎每天都有。在可以接近的情况下，化学动力飞船的往返旅行时间约为990天，包括480天的地面停留时间，而假定的核动力飞船的往返旅行时间仅为370天，包括41天的地面停留时间。由于在运输过程中吸收的空间辐射剂量，前者很可能会给船员带来厄运。因此，由核推进和辐射促成的快速运输紧密相连。地球的离开和到达不是地球表面，而是与国际空间站通过低地球轨道的会合点。在宇航员出发前往火星表面之前，应该有一种或多种货运飞船，要在宇航员面前将生命支持材料以及侦察车和科学材料保留在地面上。弹道进入随机变量，无法测量的大气中会导致着陆点不精确。对于单个车辆，几十公里的不确定性并不重要。对于人员而言，他们的运输和生存资源位于离着陆点几公里的地方，这是不可接受的，因为在目前的太空服概念中不可能长时间行走。无人的火星轨道器无法确定其相对于行星的精确位置。当载人航天器到达时，至关重要的是，他们应确定轨道参数及其相对于地质特征的位置。即使如此，联盟号太空舱的经验也证明了地球再入和着陆位置的精确性。在此，我们建议改用基于俄罗斯“克利珀”概念的适度L / D机动货滑翔机，以确保每个航天器在100米以内着陆。乘员滑翔机基于高L / D，固有稳定的USAF FDL-7C / D衍生滑翔机。与使用火星车或火箭动力“漏斗”相比，由原位制造的CO2和硅烷驱动的探测车可以更快，更有效地探测火星表面。

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