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In the Same Boat: On Small Satellites, Big Rockets, and Cyber Trust

机译：在同一条船上：小卫星，大火箭和网络信任

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摘要

Launch vehicle “ridesharing” has redefined access to and use of outer space. Today, rockets carry satellites from dozens of countries on shared journeys towards the stars. To ensure that these diverse payloads pose no threat to the overall space mission, safety controls have emerged to protect against mechanical and electrical failure. While these protections were designed to mitigate the risk of probabilistic physical effects, they also have implications for cyber attackers seeking to abuse the trusted status of secondary payloads to harm launch missions. This paper considers such dynamics through a multidisciplinary lens. It begins by drawing on the perspective of security studies and international relations to characterize what motivates an attacker to target satellite launches. This is combined with a technical analysis which leverages model-based engineering techniques to assess the threat of electronic warfare (EW) and radio frequency interference (RFI) attacks against missile range safety technologies on modern launch vehicles. Through dynamic physical simulation, we demonstrate that even inexpensive nanosatellite platforms have the potential to threaten shared launch vehicles in the hands of motivated cyber adversaries. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings for both policymakers and technical researchers interested in cyber-physical threats in orbit.
机译：发动车“ridesharing”重新定义了外层空间的访问和使用。如今，火箭队从数十个国家携带卫星在朝向星星的共享旅程中。为确保这些不同的有效载荷对整体空间使命没有威胁，因此出现了防止机械和电气故障的安全控制。虽然这些保护旨在减轻概率的身体效果的风险，但它们也对网络攻击者产生了影响，寻求滥用次要有效载荷的可信赖地位以危害发布任务。本文通过多学科镜头考虑此类动态。它首先借鉴安全研究和国际关系的角度，以表征攻击者瞄准卫星发射的攻击。这与一种技术分析相结合，利用基于模型的工程技术来评估电子战（EW）和射频干扰（RFI）对导弹范围安全技术对现代发动车辆的威胁的威胁。通过动态物理仿真，我们证明即使是廉价的纳米卫星平台也有可能在激励的网络对手手中威胁共享的发射车辆。本文介绍了对这些调查结果对对轨道中的网络威胁感兴趣的政策制定者和技术研究员的影响。

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