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The possibility of using remote sensing technology of lidars for monitoring ecosystem health by detecting habitat condition

机译：利用激光雷达的遥感技术通过检测栖息地状况来监测生态系统健康的可能性

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Since the emergence of laser and henceforth laser remote sensing in the 1960's, lidar (light detecting and ranging) technology has became a significant tool for the detection of various phenomena like wind direction and intensity, atmospheric temperature, urban and rural topography, forest fires, ocean planktonic development, and detection of various constituants such as tropospheric aerosols, stratospheric ozone, trace chemicals and etc. In 2009, a homemade multiwavelength Raman aerosol lidar (named MRC K09) was designed, developed and installed in the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Marmara Research Center (MRC), and since 21 February 2011, it has been accepted to EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network). Since 2009, aerosol spatio-temporal distribution and microphysical properties have been investigated in the extremely industrialized vicinity [1,2]. MRC K09 lidar uses a Quantel Brilliant B Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) with the second and third optical harmonics at 532 and 355 nm, and a homemade Newtonian 40 cm aperture 120 cm focal length telescope. It has 7 channel spectrum analyzer detecting: parallel and perpendicular polarizations at 355 nm, elastic signals at 532 and 1064 nm, Raman signal of molecular nitrogen at 387 nm and Raman signal of water vapor at 408 nm (excited with 355 laser line), and Raman signal for molecular nitrogen at 608 nm (excited with 532 nm laser line). In Spring 2010, preliminary applications for the determination of forest tree species and of forest health in the Black Sea Area using an aeroborne lidar in collaboration with Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey have been made. In early 2011, a fluorescence module utilizing a Princeton Instruments PI-MAX3 1024x256 resolution CCD camera with a Princeton Instruments Acton SP 2500 0.500 m Imaging Triple Grating Monochromator/Spectograph was connected to the MRC K09 lidar system, and the first remote measurements of chlorophyll from different types of trees were made. Figure 1 demonstrates the results of these measurements, which must be considered as preliminary and in the future, the measurements can be carried out by the lidar mounted on an aircraft to cover large spatial areas. One of the most important reasons for biodiversity loss, habitat loss and fragmentation can be monitored in large areas by aeroborne lidars and therefore the extent of the situation can be accessed precisely, faster and more efficiently. This paper aims to give a brief overview to show the possibility of detecting the detailed situations of the habitats on terrain surfaces using lidar technology by summarizing the successful examples which have been realized thus far in different types of ecosystems like savannas, forest and grasslands.
机译：自1960年代开始出现激光及其后的激光遥感技术以来，激光雷达（光检测和测距）技术已成为检测各种现象的重要工具，例如风向和强度，大气温度，城市和农村地势，森林大火，海洋浮游的发展，以及对流层气溶胶，平流层臭氧，痕量化学物质等各种成分的检测。2009年，美国科学技术研究理事会设计，开发并安装了自制的多波长拉曼气溶胶激光雷达（名称为MRC K09）。土耳其（TUBITAK）马尔马拉研究中心（MRC），自2011年2月21日起已被EARLINET（欧洲气溶胶研究激光雷达网络）接受。自2009年以来，已经在高度工业化的地区研究了气溶胶的时空分布和微物理特性[1,2]。 MRC K09激光雷达使用Quantel Brilliant B Nd：YAG激光（1064 nm），其在532和355 nm处具有第二和第三次光学谐波，以及一台自制的40厘米孔径120厘米焦距的牛顿望远镜。它具有7通道光谱分析仪，可检测：355 nm处的平行和垂直极化，532和1064 nm处的弹性信号，387 nm处的分子氮的拉曼信号和408 nm处的水蒸气的拉曼信号（受355激光线激发）和分子氮在608 nm处的拉曼信号（受532 nm激光线激发）。 2010年春季，已与土耳其巴尔丁的巴尔丁大学合作，使用航空激光雷达初步确定了黑海地区的森林树种和森林健康。 2011年初，将一个使用Princeton Instruments PI-MAX3 1024x256分辨率CCD相机和Princeton Instruments Acton SP 2500 0.500 m成像三光栅单色仪/光谱仪的荧光模块连接到MRC K09激光雷达系统，并首次从中远程测量了叶绿素。制成了不同类型的树木。图1展示了这些测量的结果，这些测量结果必须被视为是初步的，并且在将来，测量可以通过安装在飞机上的激光雷达进行，以覆盖较大的空间区域。机载激光雷达可以在大范围内监测生物多样性丧失，生境丧失和破碎化的最重要原因之一，因此可以准确，更快和更有效地了解情况的程度。本文旨在通过概述迄今已在不同类型的生态系统（如热带稀树草原，森林和草原）中实现的成功示例，来概述使用激光雷达技术检测地形表面生境的详细情况的可能性。

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