Wall-resolved large eddy simulations are employed to investigate the behavior of wake vortices and single vortices in ground proximity at a variety of wind conditions. The six considered strengths of wind, ranging between 0.5 and 4 times the initial wake vortex descent speed, w_0, include practically and theoretically significant wind speeds. A crosswind of 0.5 w_0 may lead to windward stall posing a potential hazard to subsequently landing aircraft, whereas theoretical considerations predict that at 4 w_0 the rebound of the luff vortex is completely suppressed. The same range of wind speeds is also used to investigate the effects of headwind and diagonal wind in order to discriminate between effects of environmental turbulence increasing with wind speed and the direction of the wind shear. The study has been complemented by a number of single vortex computations in order to differentiate between effects related to the mutual interaction of the vortex pair and the individual vortices with the turbulent boundary layer flow. It is shown that vortex ascent, descent, rebound and decay characteristics are controlled by (ⅰ) the interaction of the vortices with secondary vorticity detaching from the ground and (ⅱ) redistribution of vorticity of the boundary layer which is altering the path of the primary vortices by mutual velocity induction.
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