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Surface modification with chitosan biopolymer for the prevention of bacterial contamination devices

机译：用壳聚糖生物聚合物进行表面修饰以防止细菌污染

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Introduction: Bacterial contamination is a public health and socio-economic problem. In Canada, 220,000 people develop nosocomial infections each year for an annual cost of $106.4 million. The surface is the main responsible for the spread of bacterial contamination. To prevent contaminations, the development of antimicrobial surfaces for medical devices is investigated. Chitosan is a promising candidate for the development of new functionalized biomaterials because it is a nontoxic and biocompatible polymer with antimicrobial action. In this work, polytetrafluoroethylene films (PTFE), commonly used in surgery and medical applications, were functionalized using plasma treatment and PEGb (poly(ethylene glycol)bis(carboxymethyl)) was used to link chitosan molecules aiming to add antibacterial features. Materials and Methods: PTFE films (0.25 mm of thickness; 3.0 × 3.0 cm~2) were washed with acetone, deionized water and methanol in ultrasonic bath. After, PTFE samples were aminated by atmospheric DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) plasma, then grafted by PEGb, activated with EDAC (N-(3-dimethylarninopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride) in MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid hydrate) buffer. The activated film was reacted during 3 h with chitosan at 2% w/v, in aqueous solution of acetc acid 1 % (v/v). Samples were washed with water before use. Surface modifications were assessed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) for surface chemical composition, by water contact angle (CA) for wettability and by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology. Results and Discussion: XPS results showed that chitosan was successfully grafted to the surface (Table 1). Indeed, after plasma treatment (N_2/H_2), 6.7% of nitrogen atoms were detected and PEGb grafting was evidenced by the decrease of fluorine as well as the increase of the oxygen and carbon elements. Chitosan grafting, with its polysaccharide structure, was indicated by highest carbon, nitrogen and oxygen percentage with a decrease in fluorine concentration. PEGb surfaces exhibited low contact angle values with water. In the case of chitosan grafted surfaces, CA was lower than PEGb surfaces, mainly due to the introduction of polar functional groups present in chitosan structure. These modifications were also shown by SEM images (Figure 1) that depicted a homogeneous coating without the formation of clusters on the PTFE surface. Conclusion: Results showed that plasma treatments combined with grafting of PEGb and chitosan constitute potential techniques for the achievement of functionalized coatings. The surface modification efficiency has been evidenced both by XPS and CA analyses. Furthermore, PEGb-CHI coatings exhibit a homogenous coverage of the PTFE surfaces. These observations suggest that chitosan surfaces, grafted trough PEG, is a high potential candidate to obtain antibacterial devices. Thus, the next step is to investigate the antibacterial effect of this coating on Escherichia coli as well as Staphylococcus aureus.
机译：简介：细菌污染是一个公共卫生和社会经济问题。在加拿大，每年有22万人发展医院感染，每年花费1.064亿加元。表面是造成细菌污染扩散的主要因素。为了防止污染，研究了用于医疗设备的抗菌表面的发展。壳聚糖是开发新型功能化生物材料的有希望的候选者，因为它是一种具有抗菌作用的无毒且生物相容的聚合物。在这项工作中，使用等离子处理功能将功能强大的聚四氟乙烯薄膜（PTFE）用于外科手术和医学应用，并使用PEGb（聚（乙二醇）双（羧甲基））连接壳聚糖分子，以增加抗菌功能。材料与方法：PTFE膜（0.25毫米厚; 3.0×3.0 cm〜2）在超声浴中用丙酮，去离子水和甲醇洗涤。之后，将PTFE样品通过大气DBD（电介质阻挡放电）等离子体进行胺化，然后通过PEGb接枝，并在MES（2-（N-吗啉代）乙磺酸）中用EDAC（N-（3-二甲基氨基丙基）-N'-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐）活化。酸性水合物）缓冲液。使活化的膜在1小时的乙酸水溶液中与2％w / v的壳聚糖反应3小时。样品在使用前用水洗涤。通过X射线光电子能谱（XPS）评估表面化学成分，通过水接触角（CA）评估润湿性，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）评估表面形态。结果与讨论：XPS结果表明，壳聚糖已成功嫁接到表面（表1）。确实，在等离子体处理（N_2 / H_2）后，检测到6.7％的氮原子，并且通过氟的减少以及氧和碳元素的增加证明了PEGb接枝。壳聚糖接枝具有其多糖结构，其最高碳，氮和氧百分比随氟浓度的降低而指示。 PEGb表面显示出与水的低接触角值。对于壳聚糖接枝的表面，CA低于PEGb表面，这主要是由于引入了壳聚糖结构中存在的极性官能团。 SEM图像（图1）也显示了这些修饰，该图像描绘了均匀的涂层而在PTFE表面上没有形成簇。结论：结果表明，等离子体处理结合PEGb和壳聚糖的接枝是获得功能化涂层的潜在技术。 XPS和CA分析都证明了表面改性效率。此外，PEGb-CHI涂层对PTFE表面表现出均匀的覆盖。这些观察结果表明，接枝通过PEG的壳聚糖表面是获得抗菌装置的高潜力候选对象。因此，下一步是研究该涂层对大肠杆菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用。

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