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Assessment of exposure to vapour from plant protection products around treated fields

机译：评估处理过的田地周围植物保护产品的蒸气暴露情况

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A significant fraction of the dosage of plant protection products applied in agriculture may volatilize after application. Bystanders and residents may be directly exposed to the vapour from these products. In addition, the vapour may deposit onto non-target surfaces such as ditches and private garden, sometimes leading to indirect exposure. The goal of this study is to assess exposure of humans and non-target surfaces to vapour of plant protection products after application to crops. The emission model PEARL has been coupled to the atmospheric dispersion model OPS. The special version of OPS applied here allows assessment of dispersion of gaseous substances nearby surface sources. The volatilisation of plant protection products from a crop fully covering the surface is first calculated using PEARL, which provides the emission strength for OPS. The coupling ensures a consistent use of meteorological conditions that drive the models. Two hypothetical products with different vapour pressure are considered. Five-year time series of weather conditions in The Netherlands are used. Exposure assessment is based on a series of weekly applications during the growing season (April-October). Thus, a wide range of meteorological conditions is covered. Exposure is evaluated at various distances from the treated fields. Timing of the application is varied to demonstrate the possibility to evaluate effects of differing application scenarios on exposure. Like expected exposure is sensitive to the vapour pressure of the plant protection product. Volatilization generally reaches a maximum within 24 hours after the application and shows a fast decline thereafter. However, depending on the weather conditions and the competing processes such as penetration in plant tissue, emission peaks may be postponed and volatilization may continue for several days after the application, up to a week. In spite of the fact that application in the evening hours results in lower emissions, atmospheric concentrations are calculated to be higher than when the plant protection product is applied in the morning. Stable atmospheric conditions in the evening strongly reduce atmospheric mixing. PEARL-OPS can also be used to assess exposure at a regional scale, for multiple applications varying in space and time. The gaseous deposition pattern of plant protection products around treated fields, evaluated for an example region in the North of the Netherlands, is strongly influenced by the surface characteristics. However, the definition of these surface characteristics is highly uncertain and needs further study.
机译：应用于农业的植物保护产品剂量的很大一部分在使用后可能会挥发。旁观者和居民可能直接暴露于这些产品的蒸气中。此外，蒸气可能会沉积在非目标表面（例如沟渠和私家花园）上，有时会导致间接暴露。这项研究的目的是评估在施用于农作物后，人和非目标表面暴露于植物保护产品蒸气的情况。排放模型PEARL已与大气扩散模型OPS耦合。这里使用的特殊版本的OPS允许评估气态物质在地表源附近的分散。首先使用PEARL计算来自完全覆盖表面的农作物的植物保护产品的挥发度，这将为OPS提供排放强度。耦合确保了驱动模型的气象条件的一致使用。考虑了两个假设的具有不同蒸气压的乘积。使用荷兰天气状况的五年时间序列。暴露评估基于生长季节（4月至10月）的一系列每周应用。因此，涵盖了广泛的气象条件。在距处理场不同距离处评估暴露。应用程序的时间有所不同，以证明可以评估不同应用程序场景对曝光的影响。像预期的那样，暴露对植物保护产品的蒸气压敏感。挥发通常在施用后24小时内达到最大值，此后迅速下降。但是，根据天气条件和竞争过程（例如植物组织的渗透），可能会推迟排放峰值，并且挥发可能会在施用后持续几天至一周。尽管在夜间使用会导致较低的排放量，但计算得出的大气浓度仍高于早晨使用植物保护产品时的浓度。晚上稳定的大气条件极大地减少了大气混合。 PEARL-OPS还可以用于评估区域内的暴露程度，适用于时空变化的多种应用。针对荷兰北部的一个示例区域进行了评估，处理过的田地周围植物保护产品的气态沉积模式受表面特性的强烈影响。然而，这些表面特性的定义高度不确定，需要进一步研究。

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