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Nanocomposite materials and structures: new perspectives for human life in space

机译：纳米复合材料和结构：人类在太空中生活的新视角

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The human exploration of non-Earth planets is the Pillars of Hercules of the contemporary era. Indeed, the space agencies around the world have ambitious plans of how allowing permanent human bases on Mars and Moon within our lifetime. However, these ambitions face with the limitations of the current technologies. The need to reduce the weight of the spacecraft at launch, to improve the flexibility while maintaining the mechanical strenght, and to realize new sustainable structural and non-structural elements of life support for long explorations are just some of the challenges to overcome. Nanocomposite materials and structures seem to be the key to go beyond many technological challenges. Nanocomposites are materials consisting of at least one component in the nanoscale, which gives multi-functional characteristics to the structures where they are embedded. Carbon nanoparticles, such as nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets, combine mechanical exceptional properties with excellent electrical and thermal properties. These materials can be used for realizing multifunctional structures to achieve lightweight and high performance spacecraft, radiative shields, and create new sensors to monitor the human life in space, as well as highly reliable energy storage systems. In this short review we will analyze how nanocomposite materials and structures can be used to promote human space exploration, as extravehicular activities and colonization of non-Earth planets. In particular, we will focus on the design of novel miniaturized nanocomposite sensors that could monitor the interaction of the astronaut with the space environment, and lightweight structural elements for human life protection.
机译：人类对非地球行星的探索是当代大力神的支柱。确实，世界各地的太空机构都制定了雄心勃勃的计划，以期在我们的一生中如何在火星和月球上建立永久性的人类基地。但是，这些野心面临着当前技术的局限性。减轻航天器发射时的重量，在保持机械强度的同时提高灵活性以及实现长期勘探生命支持的新型可持续结构和非结构要素的需求只是需要克服的一些挑战。纳米复合材料和结构似乎是克服许多技术挑战的关键。纳米复合材料是由至少一种纳米级成分组成的材料，可赋予其嵌入结构的多功能特性。碳纳米颗粒（例如纳米管和石墨烯纳米片）将优异的机械性能与出色的电和热性能相结合。这些材料可用于实现多功能结构，以实现轻巧和高性能的航天器，辐射屏蔽，并创建新的传感器来监视太空中的人类生命以及高度可靠的能量存储系统。在这篇简短的评论中，我们将分析纳米复合材料和结构如何用于非太空行星的舱外活动和殖民化，从而促进人类太空探索。特别是，我们将专注于新型微型纳米复合传感器的设计，该传感器可以监控宇航员与太空环境的相互作用以及用于保护人类生命的轻型结构元件。

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