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Introducing approximate memory support in Linux Kernel

机译：在Linux内核中引入近似内存支持

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This paper describes the implementation of approximate memory support in Linux operating system kernel. The new functionality allows the kernel to distinguish between normal memory banks, which are composed by standard memory cells that retain data without corruption, and approximate memory banks, where memory cells are subject to read/write faults with controlled probability. Approximate memories are part of the wider research topic regarding approximate computing and error tolerant applications, in which errors in computation are allowed at different levels (data level, instruction level, algorithmic level). In general these errors are the result of circuital or architectural techniques (i.e. voltage scaling, refresh rate reduction) which trade off energy savings for the occurrence of errors in data processing. The ability to support approximate memory in the OS is required by many proposed techniques which try to save energy by raising memory fault probability, but the requirements at OS level have never been described and an actual implementation has never been proposed. In this paper we provide an analysis of the requirements and a description of the implementation of approximate memory management. Our approach allows Linux kernel to be aware of exact (normal) and approximate physical memories, managing them as a whole for the common part (e.g. optimization algorithms, page reuse) but distinguishing them in term of allocation requests and page pools management. The new kernel has been built and extensively tested on a hardware ×86 platform, showing the correctness of the implementation and of the fallback allocation policies.
机译：本文介绍了Linux操作系统内核中近似内存支持的实现。新功能使内核可以区分普通存储库和近似存储库，普通存储库由标准存储单元组成，这些标准存储单元保留数据而不会损坏数据，而普通存储库则以受控的概率对存储单元进行读/写错误。近似存储器是有关近似计算和容错应用的更广泛研究主题的一部分，其中在不同级别（数据级别，指令级别，算法级别）允许计算错误。通常，这些错误是电路或体系结构技术（即电压缩放，刷新率降低）的结果，这些技术在节能方面要权衡数据处理中出现的错误。许多提议的技术都要求在OS中支持近似内存的能力，这些技术试图通过提高内存故障概率来节省能源，但从未描述OS级别的要求，也从未提出过实际的实现方式。在本文中，我们对需求进行了分析，并对近似内存管理的实现进行了描述。我们的方法允许Linux内核知道确切的（正常）和近似的物理内存，对公共部分（例如优化算法，页面重用）整体管理它们，但在分配请求和页面池管理方面将它们区分开。新内核已在硬件×86平台上构建并进行了广泛测试，显示了实现和后备分配策略的正确性。

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