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INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP OF URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION WITH SURFACE TEMPERATURE PATTERNS: A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH

机译：研究城市形态和功能与表面温度模式的关系：以昌迪加尔为例

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Urban microclimate refers to climatic conditions in an urban area that differ from neighbouring rural areas, and are attributable to urban development. The urban precincts and their microclimates are influenced by several factors such as urban morphology and density, the properties of urban surfaces and vegetation cover. The urban built-form due to its dense development, high-rise character and increase in impervious, absorptive surfaces is responsible for the trapping of heat and reduction in evaporative cooling due to decrease in vegetated, soft, pervious surfaces in urban areas. The resultant temperature is higher in cities than the surrounding rural areas, which is popularly manifested as Urban Heat Island (UHI). The Local Climate Zonation presented by Stewart and Oke, 2012 defines various urban built-form classes based on urban form and function and are derived from logical division of the landscape into a hierarchy of sub-classes, differentiated based on urban surface cover, geometry, fabric and metabolism. In this study, local climate zonation of Chandigarh city was prepared for the year 2008 and 2013 and it was compared with Land Surface Temperature (LST) maps derived using Landsat thermal band of corresponding dates. It was found that land uses such as industrial areas exhibited higher LST. The heavy industries exhibited maximum LST in both the years (2008 and 2015) followed by high-rise compact urban development whereas water has lowest temperature in both the years. The study demonstrates the distinct relationship between urban built-form, function and corresponding temperature regimes.

机译：城市小气候是指与邻近农村地区不同并归因于城市发展的城市气候条件。城市区域及其微气候受多种因素影响，例如城市形态和密度，城市表面特性和植被覆盖度。由于城市建筑形式的密集发展，高楼性和不透水，吸收性表面的增加，导致城市中植被，柔软，通透性表面的减少导致热量的散发和蒸发冷却的减少。在城市中，由此产生的温度要比周围的农村地区高，这通常表现为城市热岛（UHI）。由Stewart和Oke于2012年提出的《地方气候区划》根据城市的形式和功能定义了各种城市建筑形式类别，并从景观的逻辑划分为子类别的层次结构中得出，并根据城市表面覆盖率，几何形状，面料和新陈代谢。在这项研究中，准备了昌迪加尔市2008年和2013年的局部气候区带，并将其与使用相应日期的Landsat热谱带得出的地表温度（LST）图进行了比较。结果发现，土地用途（例如工业区）的LST较高。重工业在这两个年度（2008年和2015年）中均表现出最高的LST，其次是高层紧凑型城市发展，而水在这两年中均处于最低温度。研究表明，城市建筑形式，功能和相应的温度状态之间存在明显的关系。

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《Asian conference on remote sensing;ACRS》|2017年|1660-1665|共6页
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Kshama Gupta; Pushplata; Tanya Rajwal; Sandeep Nekkla; Pramod Kumar; A. Senthil Kumar;
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Urban Built form; LST; WUDAPT; Local climate zonation;

机译：城市建筑形式; LST; WUDAPT;当地气候带;

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3. Relationship between land cover patterns and surface temperature in urban areas [J] . Jinyoung Rhee, Seonyoung Park, Zhenyu Lu GIScience & remote sensing . 2014,第5期

机译：城市土地覆盖格局与地表温度的关系
4. INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP OF URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION WITH SURFACE TEMPERATURE PATTERNS: A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH [C] . Kshama Gupta, Pushplata, Tanya Rajwal, Asian conference on remote sensingACRS . 2017

机译：用表面温度模式调查城市形态与功能的关系 - 以昌迪加尔为例
5. Surface temperature pattern characterization and analysis: An investigation of urban effects on surface warming. [D] . Xue, Yucai. 2009

机译：地表温度模式表征与分析：城市对地表变暖影响的调查。
6. Study of the Relationships between the Spatial Extent of Surface Urban Heat Islands and Urban Characteristic Factors Based on Landsat ETM+ Data [O] . Jinqu Zhang, Yunpeng Wang 2008

机译：基于Landsat ETM +数据的地表城市热岛空间范围与城市特征因子的关系研究
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

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INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP OF URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION WITH SURFACE TEMPERATURE PATTERNS: A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH

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