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Modelling of Site Amplification via Large Scale Nonlinear Simulations with Applications to North America

机译：通过大规模非线性模拟对站点扩增进行建模并应用于北美

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This paper presents large scale simulation-based modelling of site amplification in two regions, Central and Eastern North America (CENA) and the Western Unites States (WUS). For CENA, a parametric study is developed with 1.2 million 1-D site response analyses (0.58 million of each linear elastic and nonlinear analyses) to represent the variability and uncertainty of site geologies, material properties, and ground motions in CENA and their impacts on site amplification. These simulations are used to develop a suite of linear (L) and nonlinear (NL) site amplification functions for the response spectrum (RS) and smoothed Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS). The functions for each spectrum are composed of independent, additive linear, and nonlinear terms. While time averaged shear wave velocity in the top 30 m of a site (V_(S30)) is a key input parameter, it is shown that including site period (T_(nat)) effects into the linear site amplification functions significantly improves these functions. Nonlinear amplification can be modelled as a function of V_(S30) and either rock outcrop peak ground acceleration (PGA) or spectral acceleration (SA) at rock outcrop as the driver of nonlinearity. The depth to hard rock plays a similar role to T_(nat). A subset of models is developed from the CENA dataset for sites with strong, shallow V_S impedance ratios resulting from hard rock present less than 30 m from the ground surface. A smaller but similar study of 30 thousand site amplification simulations representative of WUS site conditions is used to develop linear and nonlinear site amplification models which show similar amplification behaviors as the models developed for CENA. These large-scale simulations are enabled through the development of highly optimized, efficient nonlinear site response software, multi-core batch analyses, and efficient data structures to analyze the nearly two terabytes of simulation data.
机译：本文介绍了在北美中部和东部（CENA）和美国西部（WUS）的两个区域中基于大规模模拟的站点放大建模。对于CENA，进行了一项参数研究，其中进行了120万个一维场地响应分析（每个线性弹性和非线性分析为58万个），以表示CENA中场地地质，材料特性和地震动的变化性和不确定性及其对地理信息系统的影响位点扩增。这些模拟用于为响应谱（RS）和平滑傅立叶振幅谱（FAS）开发一套线性（L）和非线性（NL）站点放大函数。每个频谱的功能由独立的，加法的线性和非线性项组成。场地顶部30 m处的时间平均剪切波速度（V_（S30））是关键输入参数，但表明将场地周期（T_（nat））效应包括到线性场地放大函数中可以显着改善这些功能。非线性放大可建模为V_（S30）的函数，岩石露头的峰值地面加速度（PGA）或岩石露头的频谱加速度（SA）可作为非线性驱动因素。坚硬岩石的深度与T_（nat）的作用相似。从CENA数据集开发了一个模型子集，用于具有强而浅的V_S阻抗比的站点，这些站点是由距地面不到30 m的硬岩石形成的。代表WUS站点状况的3万个站点扩增模拟进行了规模较小但类似的研究，用于开发线性和非线性站点扩增模型，这些模型显示出与针对CENA开发的模型相似的扩增行为。通过开发高度优化，高效的非线性站点响应软件，多核批处理分析和高效的数据结构来分析近两个TB的仿真数据，可以实现这些大规模仿真。

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