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Are People Polite to Smartphones? How Evaluations of Smartphones Depend on Who Is Asking

机译：人们对智能手机礼貌吗？智能手机的评估如何取决于问谁

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Studies following the CASA paradigm showed that computers sending social cues elicited social reactions in their human users who e.g. adopted social norms (Reeves and Nass 1996). As these reactions were originally exclusive for human-human interactions, the derived paradigm stated that "computers are social actors" (CASA; Nass et al. 1994) referring to the theoretical concept of media equation, basically saying that "'media equals real life" (Reeves and Nass 1996, p. 5). Nass et al. (1999) focused on the norm of politeness. In their experiment they showed that the evaluation of a computer was more positive if the computer itself asked for it compared to another computer asking. Our study adopts this experimental approach. However, as technology has evolved since the 1990's we replaced desktop PCs with smartphones transferring the CASA paradigm to modern devices. In a laboratory experiment, participants (n = 108) interacted with a smartphone which they evaluated afterwards. There were three different settings with (1) the target phone itself (2) another given smartphone or (3) the participants' own smartphone asking for the evaluation. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the first and third setting (F[2,105] = 3.35, p = .04, η~2 = .06) with evaluations being significantly better if the target phone itself asked for them. Homogeneous answers were interpreted as an indicator of dishonesty. Results revealed that evaluations on one's own smartphone were significantly less homogeneous than on the target phone (F[2,105] = 3.20, p = .05, η~2 = .06). Moreover, within experimental group 3, the participants' closeness to their own phone was shown to be significantly negatively associated with the evaluation of the target phone. In sum, results are interpreted as indicators of smartphones eliciting social norms of politeness. Hence, both the CASA paradigm and the integration of a psychological perspective constitute a heuristically fruitful approach for the analysis of users interacting with (modern) devices.
机译：遵循CASA范式的研究表明，发送社交线索的计算机会在其人类用户（例如互联网用户）中引发社交反应。采纳了社会规范（Reeves and Nass 1996）。由于这些反应最初是人与人之间的相互作用所独有的，因此推导的范式表明“计算机是社会参与者”（CASA; Nass等，1994）指的是媒体方程的理论概念，基本上说“媒体等于现实生活”。 （Reeves and Nass 1996，第5页）。纳斯等。 （1999年）侧重于礼貌规范。在他们的实验中，他们表明，与另一台计算机询问相比，如果一台计算机本身提出要求，则对一台计算机的评估会更加积极。我们的研究采用了这种实验方法。但是，随着1990年代以来技术的发展，我们用智能手机取代了台式机，从而将CASA范式转移到了现代设备上。在实验室实验中，参与者（n = 108）与智能手机进行了互动，随后他们对其进行了评估。共有三种不同的设置，其中（1）目标手机本身（2）另一台给定的智能手机，或者（3）参与者自己的智能手机要求评估。方差分析表明，第一和第三设置之间存在显着差异（F [2,105] = 3.35，p = .04，η〜2 = .06），并且如果目标手机本身要求，评估效果会更好。同类答案被解释为不诚实的指标。结果表明，对自己的智能手机进行的评估与目标手机相比，评估的同质性要差得多（F [2,105] = 3.20，p = 0.05，η〜2 = .06）。此外，在实验组3中，参与者对自己电话的亲近度与目标电话的评估显着负相关。总而言之，结果被解释为智能手机引发礼貌性社会规范的指标。因此，CASA范例和心理观点的整合都构成了一种启发式的，富有成果的方法，用于分析与（现代）设备交互的用户。

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