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首页> 外文会议>Annual meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management >The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Export Controls for Nuclear Energy Technologies
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The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Export Controls for Nuclear Energy Technologies

机译：美国核能技术出口管制的过去，现在和未来

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When the first Atomic Energy Act was passed in 1946, U.S. individuals were originally prohibited from "directly or indirectly" engaging in the production of special nuclear material outside of the United States. This prohibition was later removed, and in 1956 the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) published the first regulations for this class of activities, which included commercial nuclear energy technology transfers. After the dissolution of the AEC, the regulations were published under 10 CFR Part 810 (Part 810) in 1975. While the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons is silent on export controls for nuclear energy technologies, the formation of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and associated Trigger List Guidelines brought new commitments for the United States to implement through Part 810. In particular, amendments to the NSG Trigger List guidelines in the 1990s led to changes in Part 810 based on full-scope safeguards requirements and additional controls on nuclear energy technologies. These changes, along with U.S. government policy shifts, have reduced the number of countries that are generally authorized for commercial nuclear energy activity. U.S. companies must receive specific authorization from the Secretary of Energy in order to conduct business in the remaining countries. In the past decade, application processing times for specific authorizations have lengthened to the point where U.S. industry has stated that they are impacting commercial business. To improve the situation, DOE should promulgate a fast track authorization pathway for select nuclear energy technologies, such as light water reactor technologies, to a limited set of countries that have made and are keeping substantial nonproliferation commitments, such as the Additional Protocol. DOE should also return to its previous approach of processing Part 810 applications in parallel with the seeking of foreign government assurances, which was more efficient. Finally, Congress should amend the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 to allow the Secretary of Energy to delegate minor activities, consistent with nuclear export practices elsewhere in the U.S. government, including the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. These improvements will help U.S. companies to compete on a more level playing field against foreign companies and state-owned entities.
机译：1946年通过第一部《原子能法》时，最初禁止美国个人在美国境外“直接或间接”从事特殊核材料的生产。后来取消了这一禁令，美国原子能委员会（AEC）于1956年发布了此类活动的第一条规定，其中包括商业性核能技术转让。 AEC解散后，该法规于1975年根据10 CFR Part 810（Part 810）发布。尽管《不扩散核武器条约》对核能技术的出口管制保持沉默，但核供应商的成立小组（NSG）和相关的《触发清单指南》为美国通过810部分实施带来了新的承诺。尤其是1990年代对《 NSG触发清单指南》的修订导致第810部分根据全面的保障要求和其他要求进行了更改核能技术的控制。这些变化以及美国政府的政策转变，减少了通常被授权进行商业核能活动的国家数量。美国公司必须获得能源部长的特定授权，才能在其余国家/地区开展业务。在过去的十年中，针对特定授权的应用程序处理时间已经延长到美国行业表示正在影响商业业务的程度。为了改善这种情况，能源部应向已做出并保持实质性不扩散承诺（例如《附加议定书》）的有限国家/地区颁布针对某些核能技术（例如轻水反应堆技术）的快速授权途径。 DOE还应返回到以前处理810部分申请的方法，同时寻求更有效的外国政府保证。最后，国会应修正1954年的《原子能法》，使能源部长可以按照美国政府在其他地方（包括美国核监管委员会）的核出口惯例，委派次要活动。这些改进将帮助美国公司在更公平的竞争环境中与外国公司和国有实体竞争。

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