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Potential Impact of Long-Life Environmental Sonobuoys on Littoral ASW

机译：长寿环境SONOBUOYS对沿海ASW的潜在影响

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摘要

The focus of military activity has recently shifted from large area engagements to regional conflicts. Consequently, supportive Naval maritime operations have continued to evolve toward littoral warfare in complicated shallow-water, near-shore environments. This evolution requires new sensors, advanced Concept of Operations, and improved data-analysis capabilities, among others. Planning operations in these harsh-environment areas is difficult because accurate predictions of tactical sensor performance depend on detailed knowledge of the local environmental conditions. Tactical mission planning is thus seldom optimal or efficient, often resulting in coverage gaps, increased risk, and reduced mission success. According to a Navy Mission Need Statement, "Air ASW tactical execution, especially in littoral seas, requires in-situ environmental updates for pre/light mission planning. In the conduct of ASW operations, an urgent need for explicit knowledge of environmental variables is required to optimize the effectiveness of operational acoustic sensors, as well as acoustic sensors in development" The Naval Air Systems Command has considered extended-life environmental sonobuoy concepts to better characterize the littoral environment. Most designs contain a thermistor string to measure ocean temperatures and also hydrophones to measure ambient noise. This type of complex sonobuoy would be more expensive than a traditional single-measurement AXBT but it could provide a more thorough littoral environment assessment. This paper examines the trade-off between increased sensor complexity and improved ASW performance, in terms of cumulative detection probability. Some advantages of an extended-life combined thermistor string/hydrophone approach, compared to AXBTs and tactical hydrophones, are: 1) higher accuracy of the raw data; 2) temporal averaging to smooth out fluctuations; 3) extended area coverage during drift; 4) less chance for surface temperature anomalies (e.g., mixed-layer-depth errors) caused by various electronic and mechanical variability upon impact; 5) opportunities to discover thermal and acoustic feature boundaries during drift; and 6) less need to re-seed thus allowing longer tactical mission times. These advantages are evaluated relative to the following disadvantages: 1) increased cost; 2) potential drift outside the mission area; and 3) need for increased battery life for longer durations. The analysis is tempered by considering how a potential new system might be used. One assumption is that an environmental sampling decision aid is available to determine the minimum number and best initial locations of drifting sensors to meet performance objectives. The November 2007 Requirements Document from the Naval Oceanographic Office states "Sampling guidance: Development of guidance on the best way to deploy, spatially and temporally, observation systems in order to meet various forecasting, model assimilation, and model evaluation objectives is needed." Work in this area is reported in this Oceans '09 Conference in a paper entitled "Uncertainty-based Adaptive AXBT Sampling with SPOTS", which addresses optimal sampling requirements. For this trade-off analysis, temperature data from water-sampling flights in the Sea of Japan off the east coast of Korea were used to simulate expected capability of a long-term drifting thermistor string. Then optimal initial positions for three notional buoys were determined followed by a simulation of drifting positions and data collected over 12 days. Ocean nowcasts were constructed and used to determine acoustic performance of a notional tactical sonobuoy field. The analysis shows that a drifting extended-life thermistor string can provide significant improvement in environmental characterization, tactical planning, and ASW detection performance.
机译：军事活动的重点最近已经从大面积的约定转移到地区冲突。因此，支持海军海上行动继续朝着复杂的浅水，近海环境沿海作战的演变。这种发展需要新的传感器，作战的先进理念，提高了数据分析功能，等等。计划在这些恶劣环境下的区域经营是困难的，因为战术传感器性能准确的预测取决于当地环境条件的详细知识。战术任务规划是这样很少最优或有效率，往往造成覆盖盲区，提高了风险，减少了任务的成功。根据海军的任务需求说明书，“空中反潜战术执行力，尤其是在沿海海域，要求对预/光任务规划原位环境的更新。在ASW经营行为，需要环境变量的显性知识的迫切需要优化操作的声学传感器在发展中的有效性，以及声学传感器”的海军航空系统司令部已考虑延长寿命的环保概念，声纳浮标，以更好地表征近海环境。大多数设计包含一个热敏电阻串来测量海洋温度，也水听器测量环境噪声。这种类型的复杂声纳浮标的会比传统的单测量AXBT更昂贵，但它可以提供一个更全面的近海环境评估。本文探讨的权衡增加的传感器的复杂性和改进的性能ASW之间，在累积检测概率的条款。扩展寿命组合热敏电阻串/水听器的方法相比，AXBTs和战术水听器的一些优点，包括：1）的原始数据的更高的精确度; 2）的时间平均来平滑波动; 3）漂移期间扩展区域覆盖范围; 4）较少的所造成的冲击时的各种电子和机械变异性表面温度异常（例如，混合层深度错误）机会; 5）的机会漂移期间发现的热和声学特征边界;和6）不太需要重新种子从而允许更长的战术任务倍。这些优点相对于以下缺点进行评估：1）增加了成本; 2）任务区以外的潜在漂移; 3）需要增加了对持续时间较长的电池寿命。该分析是通过考虑一个潜在的新系统是如何使用的磨砺。一个假设是一个环境采样辅助决策的可确定的最小数量和漂移的传感器，以满足性能目标的最佳初始位置。从海军海洋学办公室2007年11月要求的文件指出，“采样的指导：对部署的最佳方法指导的发展，空间和时间，观测系统，以满足不同的预测，模型同化和模型评价目标是必要的。”这方面的工作报告在这个海洋'09会议在题为“基于不确定性的自适应AXBT与采样点”文件，该文件地址的最佳采样要求。对于这种权衡分析，从日本海离开韩国的东海岸取样水航班温度数据被用来模拟漂流热敏电阻串一个长期的预期能力。 ，然后测定随后漂流收集12天位置和数据的模拟三个名义浮标最佳初始位置。海洋速报，构建并用于确定名义战术声纳浮标场的声学性能。分析表明，一个漂流延长寿命的热敏电阻串可以提供环保特性，战术规划和反潜探测性能显著的改善。

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