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Fire Safety Engineering Applied to Underground Coal Mining

机译：消防安全工程适用于地下煤矿

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Today's industry design trends for escape ways, separation and segregation appear to have been based largely on interpretations of current legislation and opinions of regulators. This approach has been regularly found onerous and costly to implement. It is also of note that the design approach has historically occurred without use of a formal risk management process. As the current act and regulations are risk based, it was considered that a more synergetic legislative compliance solution would be achieved using a fire engineered performance-based approach. This paper reports on a site-based study that addresses underground fires and the effects these fires have on underground personnel, ventilation and infrastructure in the context of fire occurrence within current design parameters. To establish context and purpose, a mine-site risk assessment was initially carried out to identify and prioritise credible threat scenarios in relation to fixed and mobile plants that could affect the underground environment. The deliberations of a risk workshop carried out at Ensham Mine involving key personnel, identified a range of credible fire-related threats. These are summarised as follows: 1. coal fire on belt, spread of fire, multiple locations 2. coal fire at transfer point, drive head, loop take up, winches 3. oil, grease fire 4. electrical fire, transformer, starter, cables 5. services roadway fire - vehicle, electrical 6. transport road vehicle fire 7. ingress of smoke from external sources - surface vehicle, bush fire. The experienced risk workshop attendees established that fires associated with belts and transfer points (items 1 and 2) were the most significant credible threats and would be the focus of the study. The hypothetical fire scenario for item 1 - coal fire on belt, spread of fire, multiple locations - as assessed in this paper, was considered to involve the overheating of an exposed conveyor belt roller in a primary escape way. The intent of the study was to compare two contrasting alternative approaches to managing potential belt fires and consequently determine the lowest fire life safety risk outcome for escaping mine workers. The first method was considered to be a typical 'prescriptive' approach involving the construction of a passive fire barrier to enclose the exposed belt section across the primary escape road and by doing so, enclose a potentially fully developed fire. The alternative approach utilised a very early fire detection solution using video based fire detection (VBFD) to detect early smouldering pyrolysis fires in the absence of a passive fire barrier. Initial computer simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed. This was done to support limited empirical data, which was required to substantiate the effects of fires associated with conveyor belt systems. In particular, bearing and roller heating events were seen as the primary threat. The modelling required an estimation of a belt fire fuel source, expected size of fire and the produced contamination for the agreed scenario using CFD. The two design fires were quite different to each other, as follows: 1. a fully developed fire involved 500 kg of coal burning at the exposed belt section of a primary escape road 2. a smouldering pyrolysis fire involving a small quantity of coal and grease on a belt roller at the exposed belt section of a primary escape road. Based on analysis, numerical modelling and the results of experimentation carried out at Safety In Mining Testing and Research Station (SIMTARS) during 2012, it was estimated that the early detection approach would achieve a lower fire life safety risk for miners, as considerably longer available safe evacuation time (ASET) was achievable.
机译：今天的行业设计趋势逃避方式，分离和隔离似乎是基于对现行立法和监管机构意见的解释。实施这种方法繁重且昂贵的实施方式。值得注意的是，在不使用正式风险管理过程的情况下，设计方法已经历史上发生了。由于目前的法规和法规是基于风险的，因此认为将使用火力工程性能的方法实现更加协同的立法合规解决方案。本文关于基于网站的研究报告，解决了地下火灾和这些火灾在当前设计参数内的火灾中的地下人员，通风和基础设施的影响。为了建立上下文和目的，最初进行了矿场风险评估，以确定和优先考虑与可能影响地下环境的固定和移动设备相关的可信威胁情景。在涉及关键人员的恩沙姆地区进行风险研讨会的审议，确定了一系列可信的火灾威胁。这些总结如下：1。煤炭火腰带，火蔓延，多个地点2.煤炭火在转移点，驱动头，循环卷起来，绞盘3.油，油脂消防4.电火火，变压器，起动器，电缆5.服务道路火灾 - 电气6.运输路车辆火灾7.从外部来源进入烟雾 - 表面车，灌木。经验丰富的风险研讨会与会者建立了与腰带和转移点（项目1和2）相关的火灾是最重要的可靠威胁，并且是研究的重点。第1项的假设火灾情景 - 煤火送到皮带上，火的传播，多个地点 - 如本文评估，涉及初级逃逸方式的暴露的输送带辊过热。该研究的目的是比较两种对比的替代方法来管理潜在的皮带火灾，从而确定逃离矿工人工的最低火命安全风险结果。第一种方法被认为是一种典型的“规范性”方法，涉及构建被动火屏障，将暴露的皮带部分封闭在初级逃生道路上，并通过这样做，包围潜在的充分发光的火灾。替代方法利用了使用基于视频的火灾检测（VBFD）的非常早期的火灾探测解决方案，以检测在没有被动火屏障的情况下检测早期闷烧的热解火。开发了使用计算流体动力学（CFD）模型的初始计算机模拟。这是为了支持有限的经验数据，这是需要证实与输送带系统相关的火灾的影响。特别是，轴承和滚筒加热事件被视为主要威胁。建模需要估计皮带消防燃料源，使用CFD的商定场景的预期火灾和产生的污染。两种设计火灾彼此完全不同，如下所示：1。一个完全发达的火灾涉及在初级逃生路的暴露带段的500公斤燃烧。令人难以达到少量煤和油脂的闷烧热解火在主要逃生道路的暴露带段的皮带辊上。在分析，数值建模和在2012年挖掘测试和研究站（SIMTARS）中进行的实验结果和实验结果，据估计，早期的检测方法将为矿工造成较低的火命安全风险，如较长的可用可以实现安全的疏散时间（ASET）。

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